1935-1955
Era of International Medicine
Rise of Naturopathic Institutions
1935-1939
1935
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Hungarian physician Bodog F. Beck, MD, formalized the practice of bee venom therapy after studying the ancient therapeutic method with beekeeper Charles Mraz (1905-1999). He published Bee Venom Therapy: Bee Venom, its Nature, and its Effect on Arthritic and Rheumatoid Conditions in 1935 and Honey and Health: A Nutrimental, Medicinal and Historical Commentary in 1938.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Back to Eden. Jethro Kloss. Revised and expanded edition, published in 1939, became extremely popular in the late 1960s and by 1986 had sold almost three million copies.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Der Nachweis des Sonnenlichtwertes der in der Lebenden Substanz und in der Nahrung Enthaltenen Energie. Maximilian Bircher-Benner, MD.
[PA]Professional Associations [AC][AI]
Robert V. Carroll, Sr., W.A. Budden, A.R. Hedges, Horace Beatty, Henry Schlichting, Jr., and their colleagues strategize to build an alliance of naturopathic physicians and chiropractic “mixers” under the umbrella of “non-medical physicians” (the nomenclature Budden advocated, in preference to “drugless”) with strongholds around Chicago, in the Pacific Northwest, and in the US Southwest, especially Texas and Colorado. This deepens the conflict with Benedict Lust and his allies over education, licensing and professionalization, proprietary vs. public/institutional ownership and control, the direction of naturopathy and its professional associations, and, often, philosophy and therapeutics.
[PA]Professional Associations
American Naturopathic Association, Inc. (“West”) established by Robert V. Carroll, Sr., Leo Verbon, V. Gano Compere, at ANA convention in South Dakota; with R.V. Carroll, Sr., President. From 1935-1942, open schism emerges between ANA, Inc. led by Robert V. Carroll, Sr. and ANA (“East”) led by Benedict Lust. Schism weakens profession, rendering it less resilient and more vulnerable in the face of continued political suppression and growing cultural, economic and political dominance of mainstream medical model and institutions. Often characterized as the “Eastern” group being more aligned with Lust’s proprietary tendencies and resistance to higher educational standards and licensing and the “Western” group being more pragmatic ND/DC “mixers,” advocating basic science testing, aiming for higher educational standards in non-proprietary schools, professionalization, and lobbying for broad-scope of practice state licensing as “drugless” physicians.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Arizona State licensed, HB 88.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Hawaii licensure revision (Chapter 43); Revised Laws of Hawaii, 1935 and 1937.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PA][AI]
The December issue of Chiropractic Journal (NCA) features an advertisement for “The Affiliated Universities of Natural Healing,” which include WSCC, Metropolitan Chiropractic College in Cleveland OH, University of the Healing Arts in Hartford, CT, and University of Natural Healing Arts in Denver:
“We wish to encourage the profession in efforts toward reasonable, higher and broader standards; and wish to help blaze the way to greater progress and development in conformity with the great merits of Chiropractic. A regular standard, four years of nine months each, course in Chiropractic and allied subjects is warranted by our profession and offered by the following school members of this affiliation: (Membership open to qualifying schools)” (1935 (Dec): Chiro J (NCA) 4(12):41.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Chiropractic Committee on Education forms to promote educational standards; forerunner of Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Lust’s American School in New York loses its state charter.
1936
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
A Study of the Simile in Medicine. Linn J. Boyd.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Everybody’s Guide To Nature Cure. Harry Benjamin, ND.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA]
The Australian Naturopath, official journal of ACONPA, established and published regularly until 1964.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Story of Craniopathy. Nephi Cottam, DC. In 1928 Cottam introduced “craniopathy,” the earliest verifiable chiropractic cranial approach which subsequently influenced various schools of cranial therapy.” Revised as Craniopathy for You and Craniopathy for Others by his son Calvin Cottam in 1975.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Australian Chiropractors, Osteopaths and Naturopathic Physicians Association forms.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][AC][AI]
The Naturopathic Physicians Act in B.C., defines “Naturopathy” broadly as “the art to healing by natural methods” and declares naturopathy as a medical profession distinct from allopathy, homeopathy and osteopathy. “The passing of this act, which was piloted through largely by the untiring efforts and skill of Dr. Arthur Paskins, ND marks the end of the individual practitioner’s struggle for professional existence. From that time, it became the responsibility of the association and its executives to continue to press for wider recognition by raising the professional standards of the professions, by lobbying for better legislation, and by establishing legal precedents through the courts.”
The legislation set high educational standards in which “a recognized school or college of naturopathic medicine shall be deemed to be an institution which teaches a residence course of not less then four calendar years of eight months in each year and not less than four thousand school hours in the four years.” The initial colleges that were approved included: the National College in Chicago and the Western States College in Portland. The initial act also stated that all members must past board exams prior to be entitled to registration and to practice as a naturopathic physician within the province. In the 1950s these institutional requirements would play a key role in the creation of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine as these programs for Drugless Physicians suspended their naturopathic programs to become exclusively chiropractic schools.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
In Norway the Quack Act (Kvakksalverlova) establishes the regulation of natural medicine and other unorthodox medical personnel and practices.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [HK]
Lydon National Sanipractic College opens in Seattle, WA, by J. Lydon; inoperative in 1940s.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
The British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM) established in London as the first school teaching naturopathy in the UK and one of the first colleges to offer degree-level and master’s-level study in osteopathy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
The first naturopathic school in Germany opens in Munich; currently operating as Berufsfachschule für Naturheilweisen Josef Angerer, a state accredited educational institution for Naturopathy.
1937
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][CK]
Principles and Practice of Drugless Therapeutics. Alton C. Johnson, DC, ND. Key manual medicine teaching text in chiropractic colleges, especially DC/ND dual degree and “mixer” DC schools training drugless/non-medical physicians.
[PA]Professional Associations [AI]
American Naturopathic Association (ANA) of Tennessee chartered in December.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][AI][AC]
“Basic Science Legislation: An Examination into Its Origin, Purpose and Effects.” W.A. Budden, DC. Naturopath and Herald of Health. Budden claims the high ground on the pivotal issue of integrating anatomy, physiology and chemistry and advocating for higher educational requirements and standards. Profound role in Cascadia’s place in the re-emergence of naturopathic professional institutions, esp. in alliance with the OANP.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Ontario issues Regulations Under the Drugless Practitioners Act.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
South Carolina State licensed, HB 1138, SB 524.
[GH]Global Health Emergence [PA]
International Society of Naturopathic Physicians (ISNP) founded in Los Angeles, CA to “Advance the standard, promote the awareness of, and protect the status of, naturopathic medicine worldwide.” Arthur Schramm, ND, first President; other cofounding NDs: Drs. Peter N. Spelio, Harold E. Foster, Hugh R. Aitchison, W.J.M. Maxwell, Edward E. Shook, Evelyn Burkholder, Malcolm R. Mackintosh, had formed a phytotherapy research group the preceding year. The ISNP develops alliances with traditional natural medicine and built upon roots in botanical medicine to become the world’s largest naturopathic association, with members in 46 countries. As an independent organization leads coordination of associations internationally, facilitates organization within countries. Unable to bridge conflicts between ANA and NANP (National Association of Naturopathic Physicians), ISNP leaders more often collaborate with the latter. ISNP publishes Journal of Naturopathic Medicine, in several languages, for practitioners, and Nature’s Way to Health for the lay public; both characterized by wide range of clinical topics and scientific emphasis. Mario T. Campanella, ND, based in Graham, Florida, becomes editor of the Journal of Naturopathic Medicine in 1950; offices become administrative center of ISNP. In 1952, reports more than 2000 members. Dissolves ca. 1970.
1938
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PL][MC]
Am I A Physician Or A Criminal? William Schreier, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Science and Philosophy of the Drown Radio Therapy. Ruth B. Drown, DC. Pioneering “electronic medicine” research and clinical application.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
British Columbia, Chapter 204. Regulations Governing the Control and Practice of Naturopathic Physicians are established.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southern California College of Chiropractic and College of Naturopathy operate in Los Angeles, CA, with Wolf Adler, DC, Dean; advertises (1939) “4000 hour curriculum including hospital internship, clinics, including colonic, electro, and fever therapy available to the field. Post graduate courses.”
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK][DP]
Nature’s Path to Health features, describes content of Naturopathy curriculum (Frederick Roberts), followed by advertisement for Robert’s college, the British and Australian Institute of Naturopathy: “The naturopath is a graduate of a naturopathic institution. His preparation for the professional career as a naturopath consists of a four-year course of study, which includes what are known as the basic sciences. These sciences are: (1) Biology, (2) Chemistry, (3) Bacteriology, (4) Anatomy, (5) Physiology, (6) Embryology and Obstetrics, (7) Pathology, (8) Physical Diagnosis, (9) Psychology, (10) Nature Cure, 11) Hygiene and Sanitation, and other therapeutic subjects such as (1) Mechanotherapy or Physical Manipulation, (2) Hydrotherapy or Water Cure, (3) Electrotherapy, (4) Biochemistry [including vitamin and mineral supplementation], (5) Dietetics, etc. The naturopath does not study materia medica or the prescribing of drugs, but he is taught phytotherapy or the use of herbs in the healing of the sick. In addition to the four years study of naturopathy or drugless healing, the naturopathic student spends one or two years at a naturopathic sanitarium or clinic. At the completion of his studies he obtains the degree of N.D. (Doctor of Naturopathy).” (Frederick G. Roberts “What Is Drugless Healing?”. Nature’s Path to Health; February-March, pg. 36-37.)
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [HK][LR][MC]
Homeopathy in the FDA – Through an internal champion, the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act includes sections that officially recognize the drugs and standards in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States as part of the founding Act. The first volume of the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) had been issued by the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention in 1888.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [GH]
Maurice Blackmore opens “modern health-food shop” (renamed “The Anti-Drug Store” in 1941) in Brisbane, Australia, establishes manufacturing laboratory for vitamin and mineral supplements.
1939
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Anatomic Adjustive Technic. Homer G. Beatty, DC, ND. Influential physical medicine text, “whole package” of “DC, ND” tradition of non-MD, “drugless” physician’s framework, working with the “vital force.” “Budden and others taught, and practitioners perfected.” The University of Natural Healing Arts, Beatty’s school in Colorado, is an important node in the alliance network connecting A.W. Budden and Western States, R.V. Carroll in Washington, W.H. Pyott in Utah, H.J. Schlichting in Texas, W.M. Bleything in Oregon and others.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. Weston Price, DDS.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Technic and Practice of Bloodless Surgery. Major Bertrand DeJarnette, DO, DC. Pioneering text on visceral and other non-osseous manipulation. Used by Council on Bloodless Surgery of ANA.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Natural Way to Health. Victor Hugo Lindlahr, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [AI]
National Chiropractic Association and its Council on Chiropractic Education begin pushing for removal of naturopathic programs from chiropractic colleges, with a focus on Western States Chiropractic College.
[PA]Professional Associations [AC]
The Australian Naturopathic Association congress, meeting in Melbourne, establishes formal standards for four-year naturopathic programs.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [PM][LR]
C.O. Watkins, DC, authors editorial in National Chiropractic Journal; reports on meeting in Chicago, IL, between National Chiropractic Association (NCA), Chiropractic Health Bureau (CHB), and the American Naturopathic Association (ANA), represented by a Dr. Williams, wherein it was proposed that the three organizations work to implement naturopathic laws to permit broad-scope DCs to practice liberal chiropractic under naturopathic licenses. Watkins notes that of 16,000 DCs, 95% already practice broad-scope chiropractic, and that there are 2000 naturopaths, “many of them holding chiropractic licenses who could be also considered liberal chiropractors.” Watkins notes, “Palmer says that if we try to liberalize present chiropractic legislation, he will oppose it…” (Joseph Keating, Jr.)
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
The health ministry in Germany enacts “Erste Durchführungsverordnung zum Gesetz über die berufsmäßige Ausübung der Heilkunde ohne Bestallung” (First regulation implementing the law on the professional practice of medicine without bestowal), or short: Heilpraktikergesetz, with its first Implementing Ordinance (1st DVO) establishing a state examination requirement to practice as a Heilpraktiker under specific governmental regulations.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Utah State licensing; two types of licenses: drugless or with “use of drugs, medicine and minor surgery including the practice of obstetrics,” until 1955.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
First Australian Congress of Naturopathy held in Aspendale, Melbourne, Victoria attended by over 200 delegates; plans made to form Australian naturopathic college.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Nashville College of Naturopathy founded, within Nashville College of Drugless Therapy (also includes the Nashville College of Neuropathy and the Nashville College of Chiropractic); W. Guy Cheatham ND, DC, Dean, was active in ANA national affairs and in the NCA efforts towards chiropractic education. George A. Floden, DC, ND, of Los Angeles, California, was involved with the school and lectured there often. Later becomes Nashville College of Naturopathic Medicine. School and much of leadership becomes embroiled in scandal. Last known graduate in 1947. (Catalog) *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [LR]
Ohio State College of Physiatric Medicine founded by Harry Riley Spitler, DOS, PhD, MD, ND, in Columbus, OH. Later known as Central States College of Physiatrics, Eaton, OH.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI]
Approved chiropractic schools, listed by the Grading Committee of the Council of State Examining Boards:
Cleveland Chiropractic College, Kansas City, MO; Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York City; Metropolitan Chiropractic College, Cleveland; Missouri Chiropractic College, St. Louis; National Chiropractic College, Chicago; Universal Chiropractic College, Pittsburgh; University of Natural Healing Arts, Denver; New York School of Chiropractic, New York City; Western States College, Portland, Oregon; Lincoln Chiropractic College, Indianapolis (27-month course only).
1940-1949
1940
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
“Germ Theory vs. Microzymian Theory.” Jesse Mercer Gehman, ND. Naturopath. Offers an understanding of disease echoing that of A. Béchamp, rather than L. Pasteur.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Friedhelm Kirchfeld (d. 2011) Respected NCNM librarian; co-author of Nature Doctors; naturopathic historian and publisher; noted cultural curator.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
John von Neumann creates the field of “cellular automata,” constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
“Philosophy of Drugless Therapy.” Joseph Janse, DDT, DC, ND. Mirror (National College of Drugless Physicians yearbook). Succinct declaration of principles and practice of natural therapeutics.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
The Association of Naturopaths and Osteopaths formed by David Duggan, ND, and colleagues in New Zealand.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
American Medical Association (AMA) officially campaigns against drugless and non-conventional medical systems of practice.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American School of Naturopathy re-chartered in Maryland; derived from original American School of Naturopathy, New York City, NY.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Pierre-Valentin Marchesseau creates the first French school of Naturopathy in Paris.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western Texas Naturopathic College founded in Dallas, TX; closure date unknown.
1941
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC][GH]
Sydney Homoeopathic Hospital’s last attending physician retires.
DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [HK][PM][DP]
“Neo-Hippocratism in everyday practice.” Bernard Aschner. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Austrian physician and scholar declares that “the majority of all diseases does not come from without (like injury or infection), but from within…. and advocated “organicist (“neo-Hippocratic”) forms of medicine” that would “develop and use the potential of the modern empiricist and technological medicine….” For him, the essence of Hippocratism was “synthetic, cosmic, constitutional, humoral, biological, dynamic, and artistic, helping the self-healing power of nature, (physis) to a large extent by appropriate medical treatment.”*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Syntonic Principle. Harry Spitler, DOS, MD, MS, PhD.
[CK]Codification of Knowledge [PL][MC]
Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research founded in Wisconsin with mission “to engage in research and to coordinate and communicate nutritional breakthroughs from laboratories around the world.” Foundation becomes international center for nutritional information for physicians, agriculturists and homemakers with focus on work of A. Béchamp, W. Price, F. Pottinger, R. Lee, M. Page, J. Tilden and others. During its existence “the Lee Foundation disseminated millions of pieces of research materials and hundreds of thousands of books on health and nutrition.” Shut down by the FDA in 1961 after protracted political attacks, the Lee Foundation’s spirit and the works of its pioneers are carried forward by the International Foundation for Nutrition and Health.
[PA]Professional Associations
Arthur Schramm, ND, of Los Angeles, CA, founds and is founding President of National Association of Naturopathic Herbalists.
[PA]Professional Associations [AC]
John J. Nugent, DC, works to standardize chiropractic education as National Chiropractic Association’s (NCA’s) director of research, from 1941 until his forced retirement in 1959; characterized by B.J. Palmer and allies as either the “Abraham Flexner of Chiropractic” or the “anti-Christ of Chiropractic”.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [DP][PA][PL]
Oregon State license revised; Naturopathic Law (Chapter 451); Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing the Naturopathic Board of Examiners; terms include “drugless therapy.”
[AC]Academic Accreditation[PA][AI]
The NCA publishes the first edition of Chiropractic Education: Outline of a Standard Course, authored by John J. Nugent, DC, newly appointed as NCA’s Director of Education and former president of the Council of State Chiropractic Examining Boards (COSCEB). Nugent’s “ideal” curriculum presented as a map for the profession’s academic strategy and the House of Counselors voted at the Baltimore Convention to accept the recommendations of its Committee on Education regarding school ratings and standardizaton of curricula. (Gibbons, Russell W. “Chiropractic’s Abraham Flexner: The Lonely Journey of John. J. Nugent, 1935-1963.” J Chiropractic History. 5, 45-51.) *
1942
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Finger Prints, Palms and Soles: An Introduction to Dermatoglyphics. Harold Cummins, PhD, and Charles Midlo, MD. Provides first scientific analysis of dermatoglyphics.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Fundamentals of Applied Psychiatry for Non-Medical Physicians. Thomas Lake, ND, DC.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR]
South Carolina Naturopathic Association and the South Carolina Board of Naturopathic Examiners established.
[PA]Professional Associations
The annual ANA convention was publicly planned for July in Chicago. However, Lust and Jesse Mercer Gehman switched the location and used Lust’s publications and contact base to unilaterally declare that the “real ANA” would meet in Atlantic City in June.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Connecticut Health Commissioner, an MD, delays the issuing of licenses approved by the Naturopathic Board when such approval had been based upon a licensing reciprocity statute with South Carolina. However, South Carolina had no Basic Science law and several schools that had been approved did not meet the standards of the Connecticut Board’s approved schools list. Reciprocity is denied based on Commissioner’s position that the reciprocity statue required licensing by a state with licensing requirements comparable to those in effect in Connecticut.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Florida State license revised; Chapter 462.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
South Carolina State licensure revision, Article 10-B, establishes State Board of Naturopathic Examiners (Civil Code of Laws, 1942). 1943. No basic science law.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Tennessee State licensed, HB 129; Chapter No. 49, Public Act of 1943. Amidst accusations of bribery and claims of corruption the licensing law becomes embroiled in years of controversy including charges of issuing questionable licenses under the basis of claimed reciprocity. By 1946, 917 Tennessee licenses will be issued by the examining board to “naturopaths”.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [MC]
Guy W. Cheatham, DC, ND, and others at Nashville College, as well as key figures at other schools of naturopathy in Tennessee, charged with operating “diploma mills”. In particular, Nashville College admitted to issuing “naturopathy” diplomas to previous chiropractic graduates of the college to enable them to apply for naturopathy licenses when the 1943 statute became effective. Ultimately, 17 defendants pleaded nolo contendere (“no contest”) and were fined between $100 and $1000 with two members of the licensing board bearing the largest fines. (Cody GW. “The First True Integrators: Henry J. Schlichting, Jr. and the AMA’s War on Natural Healing-Part 2”. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019 Aug;18(4):12-15.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences founded in Dallas, TX; closure date unknown.
1944
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
A Guide Into Advanced Manipulative Chiropractic Arts for the Adjustment of All Impediments to Nature’s Normal Functions. James F. McGinnis, DC, ND, CP. Earning a reputation as a pioneer in chiropractic spinography in Iowa, McGinnis relocated to California in 1921 to avoid prosecution. Broadened his scope of practice with naturopathic degree; by 1930s became one of best known of several bloodless surgeons, traveled around the nation teaching these methods.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Human Constitution in Clinical Medicine. George Draper, MD, C.W. Dupertius, PhD, and J.L. Caughley, Jr., MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Young Minds With Old Bodies. (Melvin E. Page, DDS). Posits relationship of sugar consumption to multiple diseases. Extracted from letters and research essays presented by Dr. Page to the Jarvis Correspondence Study Group, founded 1931. The group’s purpose was to further the understanding of biochemistry in clinical medicine. Dr. Gerald Farnsworth was a student and friend of Dr. Page; recommended that Dr. Page’s books “should be all be in our colleges.”
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR]
Naturopathic Association of Alberta, Canada established as both the provincial association and regulatory body under the Societies Act (Co-Founders Dr. Amsted, Chris Turner, ND, Gordon Simms, ND, Burt Grube, ND, George Kroger, ND, Dr. Gladstone, Suzanne Danner, ND, and Cory Storm, ND); later renamed Alberta Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Virginia State licensed, HB 29; discontinued 1972.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][LR][AC][GH]
Frederick Roberts applies and fails in his attempts to get his naturopathic college recognized as a formal learning institution by the Australian government. College continues to train naturopaths and chiropractors in Melbourne and Sydney.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PA]
Leadership of the National Chiropractic Association establishes the Chiropractic Research Foundation (currently, FCER).
1945
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Abt Method of Natural Living: the Drugless Way to Health. W.L. Abt, ND, DO, PhD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Bloodless Surgery. Paul Wendel, ND. Visceral manipulation techniques.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Wade Boyle, ND (d. 1993) Co-author of Nature Doctors and Lectures in Naturopathic Hydrotherapy. Influenced professional formation, publishing, profession’s historical self-awareness.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PA]
Maryland Naturopathic Association approves Code of Ethics.
[PA]Professional Associations
After Benedict Lust’s death on September 5, 1945, American Naturopathic Association is led by Jesse Mercer Gehman, ND, Lust’s chosen successor, and later Paul Wendel, ND. Lust’s death exacerbates pervasive divisions in naturopathic education, publishing, professional associations, regional politics and therapeutic diversity in the US amidst medical monopoly and legal suppression. A letter by Lust just before his death calls for profession to begin including judicious minor office surgery and pharmaceutical use based on naturopathic principles to maintain ability to serve and position as physicians.
[PA]Professional Associations [MC]
Board of Directors of the National Chiropractic Association charters The National Chiropractic Insurance Company (currently, NCMIC Group, Inc.) with authorization to sell malpractice insurance from the Iowa Commissioner of Insurance in early 1946.
[PA]Professional Associations
British Naturopathic Association (BNA) formed by Stanley Lief after separating from Nature Cure Association.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC][MC]
Chiropractic college enrollments rise rapidly as veterans enjoy the educational grants provided by the G.I. Bill after World War II; African-Americans largely excluded from G.I. Bill benefits.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Richard Herzog convinces Australian government to allow naturopathic training to be included in the list of approved courses for returning World War 2 servicemen under the government’s repatriation scheme but is unable to see it come to fruition when the Australian Universities Commission rejects his private college’s application to host the degree and he is unable to ally with a public university willing to offer the program.
1946
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Jeffrey Bland, PhD. Founder and pioneer in field of Functional Medicine; influential educator, author, advocate. With Susan Bland, his wife, founded The Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) in 1991; important in bridging naturopathic and therapeutic nutrition lineages with less conventional MDs. Founding and long-term member of Bastyr Board of Trustees, founder, Preventive Lifestyle Medicine Institute.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Candace B. Pert, PhD (d. 2013). Neuroscientist and pharmacologist who discovered the opiate receptor, the cellular binding site for endorphins in the brain; innovative neuropeptide researcher, popularizer of psychoneuroimmunology and whole person physiology; author of Molecules of Emotion (1999) and other titles.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Edward Alstat, ND, RPh (d. 2018) Herbal pioneer, publisher, and organic farmer; founded Eclectic Institute at NUNM Medicinary in 1982, later relocated to large organic farm in Sandy, OR; awarded Presidential Citation from AANP. Presented with five NUNM President’s Medallion awards for contributions to the school and the profession; inducted into the NUNM Hall of Fame for his role in the advancement of natural medicine’s reputation.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][CK]
Gérard Guéniot, MD (b. 1946, d. 2009) Born in France, moved to Belgium. Graduated from Faculty of Medicine of Lille (1982). Obtained medical degree to practice as homeopathic physician (required in France). Synthetic thinker, eclectic practitioner; wove homeopathy, miasm theory, constitutional medicine, acupuncture and Chinese medicine, botanical therapies, nutrition, color therapy, plant qualities, and functions of emunctories in applying principles and laws of natural systems to form an integrated system of personalized medicine. Developed phytembryotherapy (2005) and inspired development of emunctorology. International medical educator, respected clinician, homeopath. Works published posthumously by students and wife Mado Guéniot: From Natural Medecine to a Medecine of the Individual – According to the Teachings of Gérard Guéniot. (Gérard Guéniot with Pierre Tondelier MD, et al. 2010).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Treatment by Neuropathy and the Encyclopedia of Physical and Manipulative Therapeutics. Thomas Lake, ND, DC.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Manitoba Naturopathic Association (MNA) established.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Manitoba Province regulated under the Naturopathic Act; Chapter 106.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK]
The main textbooks used in the naturopathic college’s curriculum at Western States in the 1940s and early 1950s were Maud Grieve’s A Modern Herbal (1931), Otto Mausert’s Herbs for Health (2nd Ed., 1932), and A.C. Johnson’s Principles and Practice of Drugless Therapeutics (1946).
1947
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Norbert Wiener, PhD. Foundation text in cybernetics and informatics.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Protomorphology: The Principles of Cell Auto-Regulation. Royal Lee, DDS, and William A. Hanson. Influential nutritional therapy text for generations of practitioners accross professions.*
[PA]Professional Associations [HK]
At the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association, held in New York City, NY, F.W. Collins, MD, DO, DC, ND, receives award “Dean of Naturopathy” as last of the “five great Naturopaths of America”: Benedict Lust, ND, DO, MD, Henry Lindlahr, MD, Frederick W. Collins, DC, ND, Joe Shelby Riley, MD, DO, ND, DC, and Milo E. Yergin, ND.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
ND licensed states in US as of January 1, 1947, as Naturopath, Sanipractor, Drugless Practitioner, Mechanotherapist: Arizona, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, New Jersey, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington (Sanipractor), and West Virginia. (Herald of Health and Naturopath).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Tennessee legislature repeals the naturopathy act, invalidating all previously issued licenses to practice naturopathy in that state as of January 1947, and criminalizing practice of naturopathy in Tennessee. Ten members of the ANA of Tennessee, who are not part of the indicted group, file suit seeking a declaration by the courts that the repealed statute was constitutionally invalid; however, attempts to overturn the decision fail upon appeal.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PA]
John J. Nugent, DC, the NCA House of Delegates establishes the Council on Education at the urging of NCA Director of Education; later renamed as Council on Chiropractic Education.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration
“History of the American Medical Association.” Morris Fishbein, MD. JAMA. 133(13):923-935.
1948
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
“A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Claude E. Shannon. Bell System Technical Journal. First concrete conception of “Information Theory.”
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
A Transcript of Lectures on Chemical Types of People. Leo Verbon, ND. Explication of system of constitutional typology and nutritional therapy pioneered by V.G. Rocine; presented in Portland, OR.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PL][MC]
Key to Health. M.K. Gandhi. Translated from Hindi by Sushila Nayar.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA]
As of 1948, the ISNP listed the following as active “Naturopathic Journals”:
Naturopath and Herald of Health – Dr. T.M. Schippell, Editor; Washington, DC
Journal of the American Naturopathic Ass’n, Inc. – Dr. C.C. Hale, Editor; Seattle
The American Naturopath – Dr. C.E. Hotchkiss, Editor; Los Angeles
Health from Herbs Magazine – Dr. James Milton, Editor; Blackpool, England
The Herbal Practitioner – Dr. Harry Orbell, Editor; Thundersley, Essex, England
Nature’s Path to Health – Dr. F.G. Roberts, Editor; Melbourne, Australia
The Indian Naturopath – Dr. P. Venkatramayya. Editor; Bezwada, India
Pro Vida – Dr. A.L. Lopez, Editor; Havana, Cuba
The Life Natural – Dr. Varma K. Lakshman, Editor ; Pudukkotai (Trichy), India
Hygienic Review – Dr. Herbert M. Shelton, Editor; San Antonio, Texas
Naturaerztliche Rundschau – Dr. Oskar Vaeth,, Editor; Muenchen (Munich), Germany
Health Practitioner’s Journal – London
De Naturgeneeskunde – Dr. R.A.B. Ooesterhuis, Editor; Amsterdam
[CK]Codification of Knowledge [PM][HK][PA]
Basic Naturopathy, A Textbook. Ed., Harry Riley Spitler, DOS, MD, MS, PhD. Prepared by a commission set up by the “Western” ANA in 1945. Presents basic tenets and principles of naturopathy, often echoing Henry Lindlahr’s 1913 Nature Cure. Commission members include Harry R. Spitler (Editor in Chief), Per Nelson, Merritt Pike, Earl H. Leach, and Henry Krause.
[CK]Codification of Knowledge [PM][HK][PA]
A Brief Guide to Naturopathy. Paul Wendel, ND. [Publ. date not confirmed]*
[PA]Professional Associations
Alberta Association of Naturopathic Practitioners (AANP) established, Colin Skaken, ND, founding Chair.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR][AC][AI]
James S. Sensenig, Jr., ND (d. 2019) (NCNM 1978), devoted his life to the naturopathic profession. An NUNM alumnus, he later served as dean of education. Always known for his inspiring presentation and astute political skills concerning naturopathic medicine, he played a key role establishing licensure rapidly in multiple states with Bob Timberlake, advancing the profession on multiple fronts, establishing a “federated leadership model” for AANP as its founding president and for his passion and inspiration as a key leader and educator in classical naturopathic theory and vitalistic practice.
[PA]Professional Associations
Robert V. Carroll, Sr., Henry Schlichting, Jr., W.H. Pyott, Leo Verbon and allies of Western ANA hold pivotal convention in Salt Lake City, UT. Robert V. Carroll, Sr., ND, of Washington becomes President of American Naturopathic Association, Inc. (“Western” ANA).
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][DP]
“Unity and Progress.” Robert V. Carroll. Journal of the American Naturopathic Association.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Alberta, Canada, province regulated under Drugless Practitioner Act.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
“The situation (working from the southeast to the north and then west) was this: licensed NDs in Florida, present in Georgia, licensed in South Carolina, present in North Carolina and DC and Maryland, present in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, licensed in Connecticut, present in Michigan, Illinois, Ohio and Indiana, recently outlawed and removed from Tennessee, present in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas and Missouri, significantly present in Texas (about 400 strong; licensed in 1949), present in Colorado and Nevada, licensed in Arizona and Utah, present in Idaho, licensed in Oregon, and present and sort-of licensed in Washington and present in California and licensed in Hawaii (a territory then).” (George Cody, personal correspondence)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
College of Osteopaths founded in the United Kingdom; later establishes naturopathic diploma course in part-time “extended learning” curriculum.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Institute of Drugless Therapy in Tama, Iowa. Distant study program, small school with influential graduate, John Christopher. Last known presence 1955.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA][AC]
Naturopathic colleges “recognized by the Council on Education of the ISNP” open as of 1948: National College of Drugless Physicians (Chicago, IL), College of Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons (Los Angeles, CA), Western States College of Naturopathy (Portland, OR), Lincoln College of Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons (Indianapolis, IN), First National University of Naturopathy (Newark, NJ), Metropolitan College (Cleveland, OH), Central States College of Physiatrics (Eaton, OH), Sierra States University (Los Angeles, CA), and Southwestern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences (Dallas, TX). (ISNP, 1948, p. 86.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA][AC]
W.A. Budden, in his December, 1948 commentary in the Journal of the National Chiropractic Association (NCA), argued against C.O. Watkins, DC’s proposal to provide clinical research training for chiropractic students and advocated for the “rational chiropractic” movement.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PA]
R.V. Carroll, Sr., ND, and then H. Schlichting, Jr., ND, first publish Journal of ANA and Magazine of Naturopathic Research; professionalize editorial standards through ANA Public Education Committee. William Turska, ND, becomes chairman of the Committee on Scientific Research.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Acetaminophen introduced by Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie.
1949
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Degeneration/Regeneration. Melvin E. Page, DDS.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Advanced Concept of Proctology. W. Martin Bleything, DC, ND, “Professor of Proctology, Pathology and Minor Surgery” at Western States College.
[PA]Professional Associations
American Natural Hygiene Society founded with Herbert Shelton, ND, as first President.
[PA]Professional Associations
Canadian Association of Naturopathic Physicians (CANP) founded by Drs. Fred Parson, ND, Ruth Elsie Budd, ND, Ross Skaken, ND, Lawrence Schnell, ND, and Verdeen Fulton, ND, in Alberta. Fred Parson, ND, founding Chair until 1957.
[PA]Professional Associations
Henry Schlichting, Jr., ND, of Midland, Texas becomes President of American Naturopathic Association (ANA).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
Texas Naturopathic Practice Act (Article 4950d, Vernon Codified Statutes) passes through a “deal” in which naturopaths and chiropractors gain licensing while agreeing to adopt a Basic Science law.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
British College of Naturopathy established by Stanley Lief, ND, DO, DC.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Standard Institute of Naturopathic Therapy founded in Los Angeles, CA. Last known graduates in 1958.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western States graduates 36 with DC degrees and 16 with ND degrees, with 11 graduating with dual degrees, in June.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western States welcomes the class of 1953, more than half of whom would graduate with both naturopathic doctor (ND) and doctor of chiropractic (DC) degrees. This graduating class of the School of Naturopathy being the largest class of ND degree holders ever at WSC. This cohort be the largest class graduating from any naturopathic school for another 30 years. Notably, this class includes two male African American students in a post-war U.S. environment often hostile to such students and their aspirations. The faculty and students at Western States during these years would play central roles in delivering clinical care and engineering the institutional re-emergence of naturopathy in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, as well as broad-scope chiropractic in Oregon and elsewhere, over the coming decades.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [HK][PM]
Ruth B. Drown, DC, demonstrates her Drown Radio Therapy Instrument to a scientific panel at the University of Chicago; Dec 31.
1950-1955
1950
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PL][MC]
“Do Naturopathic Physicians Want Hospitals?” W.H. Pyott. Journal of the American Naturopathic Association.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Joseph Janse, DDT, DC, ND, authors “The fundamental aim of therapeutic science”. Journal of the National Chiropractic Association Oct; 20(10): 16-18, 66, 68, 70.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][CK]
Naturopathic Farmacopeia: Natureopathic Physicians Guide. Paul Wendel, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA]
W. Martin Bleything, ND, DC, former faculty member at LACC, becomes editor of Journal of the American Naturopathic Association.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [AI]
The inaugural issue of the monthly The Synergist: Western States College Voice of the Student Body appears in January and will continue monthly until the class of 1953 graduates. Its declared purpose being to act: “in the interest of UNITY among all interested drugless healing arts.” While representing the collective experience of the student cohort the publication’s editorial team of James Howard, Hazel Failor, and Appa Anderson would become major figures at WSC and in their professions.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PA][PL][LR]
Meeting of the ANA voted to standardize the definition of naturopathy using the District of Columbia’s definition as a basis for proposed state naturopathic laws.
[PA]Professional Associations [MC]
American Vegetarian Society established in New York, NY.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR]
Ontario Naturopathic Association (ONA) established as both provincial association and regulatory body. James Price, ND, founding Chair.
[PA]Professional Associations
Pierre-Valentin Marchesseau leads formation of the first Federation of Naturopathy in France.
[PA]Professional Associations
St. Louis Accord reached between factions of American Naturopathic Association at ANA convention in St. Louis, MO; unsuccessful attempt made to re-unify fractious naturopathic profession into a single cohesive professional organization.
[PA]Professional Associations
W.A. Budden is president of NCA’s National Council on Public Health.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Missouri Chiropractic College retitled when Missouri Chiropractic College and Institute of Naturopathy remove naturopathy from program.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Sierra States University moves from San Francisco to Los Angeles, CA.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA][AC]
The ICA International Review of Chiropractic, features a headline “NATUROPATHY “OUT” AT NATIONAL SCHOOL” and declares “Victory for policies of International Association seen in confidential communication disclosing course in Naturopathy to be discontinued at National College of Chiropractic.
A step closer toward working unity in the Chiropractic profession was forecast this month by officials of the International Chiropractors Association who reveal their concerted campaign to force the National College of Chiropractic to cease and desist its issuance of Naturopathic degrees is now coming to a successful conclusion.
The bitter fight which has raged within Chiropractic circles, concerning the Naturopathic question, has been one serious rift which has threatened to completely divide the Chiropractic profession. The International Association has resolutely refused to recognize an accrediting agency which was based on schools issuing dual healing arts degrees. That accrediting agency still recognizes certain schools which issue such degrees, but it is now reported that the National College has changed its policy in conformance with those laid down by the International Association.”
In response, Dr. Joseph Janse, President of National College of Chiropractic, states:
“…In answer to your inquiry, permit me to say that beginning June 1st of this year we shall no longer matriculate Naturopathic applicants. Those having entered college before that time shall, of course, be continued and graduated with the degree.
We in no way lend ourselves to the evaluation of the attitudes and practices of the Naturopathic field in general. We sit in judgment over no one.
The reason that has prompted this decision resides in the fact that the competitive tension between the chiropractic and naturopathic professions is so severe that we have considered it wise and prudent to relinquish the naturopathic school.
Basically, we have always been a College of Chiropractic. There was a time when it seemed that the two professions would parallel and compliment each other. Such is now no longer the case.” (ICA International Review of Chiropractic Oct; 5(4):2.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Natural Healing Arts in Denver ceases operations; in 1964 its registry and alumni become affiliated with the National College of Chiropractic.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western States graduates 29 with DC degrees and 2 with ND degrees, in March.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI][PA]
In a full page ad the National Chiropractic Association publishes its “List of Accredited Colleges”: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Carver Chiropractic College, Chiropractic Institute of New York, Cleveland Chiropractic College, Lincoln Chiropractic College, Logan Basic College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles Chiropractic College, Missouri Chiropractic College, National College of Chiropractic, Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Texas Chiropractic College, Western States Chiropractic College. (Journal of the National Chiropractic Association Oct; 20(10): 27.)
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PM][MC]
Harry Gold and colleagues introduce randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial as the model for evaluating single-agent, single-diagnosis interventions in American Journal of Medicine. Significant implications in “science” of medicine; frames future contending claims of being scientific.
[GH]Gaian Health Emergence
Dr. Foster, MD, ND, originally from Yuchi Pines Institute in Alabama, introduces naturopathic medicine within Zambia at Riverside Farm Institute, a rural nature cure inpatient facility that operated until 1992 near Kafue National River and a ridge on the outskirts of a town named Kafue.
1951
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Die Geschichte der Naturheilkunde in Lebensbildern (History of Nature Cure in Biographies). Alfred Brauchle.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Food Combining Made Easy. Herbert M. Shelton, ND, DC. Shelton’s exposition of the food combining theories that would become popular among those working with reactions to food.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][CK][PA]
Standardized Naturopathy: The Science and Art of Natural Healing. (Paul Wendel, ND). Written to standardize curriculum and instruction at naturopathic colleges; also examines contemporary legal and legislative context. Wendel was then President of the “Eastern” American Naturopathic Association.
[PA]Professional Associations
During a summer meeting in Miami Beach, FL, the “Western ANA” changes its name to the American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Association (ANPSA), establishes a new corporate charter based in Iowa, relocates its headquarters to Des Moines, and re-elects Henry Schlichting as its President. Schlichting and A.R. Hedges present the strategy behind this organizational restructuring in articles that appear in the September, 1951, issue of the newly created Journal of the ANPSA. Among other factors, continued irresolution with the allies of Benedict Lust led them to move away from conflicting claims to the organizational name “American Naturopathic Association” despite attempts at reunifying the ANA. Schlichting, in particular, offers a vision of naturopathic physicians as “family physicians” in a general family practice that included manipulation, minor surgery and obstetrics. Toward that goal the ANPSA would “promote the public health and to perpetuate and advance the science, art and practice of the naturopathic school of medicine; to accomplish such objectives by attaining high standards of naturopathic education and by constantly stimulating and furthering the profession’s interest in and knowledge of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of …disease and ill health…” The ANPSA will be renamed American Association of Naturopathic Physicians in 1956. (Journal of the ANPSA. Sept., 1951)
[PA]Professional Associations
With the unanticipated death of Robert V. Carroll, Sr., his work for evolution of the naturopathic profession continues through his colleagues, especially Schlichting, Budden, Hedges and Bleything.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][GH][MC]
The Queensland (Australia) Parliament debates veracity of Marcus Blackmore, ND’s naturopathic practice, after he reports he had been attacked and was the victim of sting operations by the Medical Board, to determine whether such actions were appropriate. In addition to noting the large number of testimonials to Blackmore’s treatment from patients, three future Queensland Premiers also enthusiastically defend Blackmore. The right to full naturopathic practice was upheld by Parliament and the Medical Board was found to have acted inappropriately.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
“The apex for the postwar profession was 1951 state legislative sessions through the 1953 sessions.” (Personal communication. George Cody)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA][AC]
Paul Wendel, ND, lists the following naturopathic colleges as “approved by the American Naturopathic Association: the University of Natural Healing Arts, Denver, CO, The American Therapy University, Arcadia, MO, the American School of Naturopathy, New York, NY, United States School of Naturopathy, Newark, NJ; and other schools and colleges to be approved.” (Standardized Naturopathy).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Schultz’s Naturopathic Institute of California in Los Angeles suspends operations; founded 1905.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southern College of Naturopathic Medicine chartered in Texas. In confronting ongoing issues over educational standards, Schlichting and his allies determined that their best strategy is to establish a legitimate four-year residency college within the state that will be actively supported by the Texas profession. Lack of “Class A naturopathic colleges” Schlichting wrote, in announcing the founding of SCNM, “is a threat to the perpetuation of our profession.” As part of an agreement the recently renamed Texas Southmost College, a 25-year-old institution previously known as Brownsville Junior College, would serve as the home for SCNM, with newly mandated Basic Science and premed coursework provided through cross-enrollment and administrative offices housed on the Texas Southmost campus in Brownsville. Probable closure 1954.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southern College of Naturopathic Medicine hosts a two-week postgraduate seminar co-sponsored with the Texas Naturopathic Physicians Association and held on the Texas Southmost campus. (Journal of the ANA. August, 1951; Journal of the ANPSA. October and November, 1951)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western States graduates 21 with DCs and 4 with ND degrees, in March.
1952
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Alan Turing.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Science and Practice of Iridology: A System of Analyzing and Caring for the Body Through the Use of Drugless and Nature-cure Methods. Bernard Jensen, DC, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
International Society of Naturopathic Physicians (ISNP) forms International Council of Naturopathic Medicine to evaluate therapeutics.
[PA]Professional Associations
US naturopathic professional associations as of 1952, according to the ISNP: American Naturopathic Association (ANA) (T.M. Schippell, Secretary); American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Association (ANPSA) (Henry Schlichting, Jr., President); American Naturopathic Medical Association (ANMA) (D. Aitchison, President); American Naturopathic Physicians Association (ANPA) (S.R. Patterson, President).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Board of Drugless Therapists (BDP) becomes Board of Directors of Drugless Therapists Naturopathy (BDDT-N). Founding Chair: Leonard Baily, ND (1952-56); Eric Sjoman, ND (1956-61); John LaPlante, ND (1976-81); Eric Shrubb, ND (1983-85); Martin Kura, ND (1986); John Bender, ND (1986 -1992); James Spring, ND (1992-1998); Angela Moore, ND (1998-2008); Patricia Rennie (2008-2015).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
After transferring the presidency of the ANPSA to A.R. Hedges, Henry Schlichting, Jr., directs his attention to his position as Secretary of the Texas State Naturopathic Examining Board. In that role he seeks guidance from Texas Attorney General Price Daniel on the “grandfather clause” of the Naturopathic Act and in response receives AG Opinion V-1486, dated July 29, 1952. Subsequently, Schlichting and two other members of the Naturopathic Examining Board process and accept over 400 licensing applications making Texas the state with the most naturopaths and giving Texas the largest state membership base for the Western American Naturopathic Association. (Cody, George W. The First True Integrators: Henry J. Schlichting, Jr. and the AMA’s War on Natural Healing – Part 2. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019 Aug; 18(4):12-15. )
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Course Description in 1952-1953 Western States Bulletin:
“THEORY AND PRACTICE OF NATUROPATHY:
The theory that nature itself is the best physician is translated into practice in this course. It is definitely non-medical and is in no way associated with the use of drugs or internal medicine. Textbook: “Medicines of Nature.””
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National College of Drugless Physicians charter deactivated by National College of Chiropractic in response to ongoing pressure by national chiropractic organizations.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western States graduates 31 with DCs and 1 with ND degree, in March.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration
Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine; becomes available in 1955.
1953
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Team of James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin discover the double-helix structure of DNA, central to transmitting patterns for constructing proteins in the body, including various enzymes. Franklin (d. 1958) creates images of DNA using X-ray crystallography, a concept introduced by Maurice Wilkins. These images allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to create their famous two-strand, or double-helix. Franklin not credited in 1962 Nobel Prize.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][CK][PA]
Naturae Medicina and Naturopathic Dispensatory. Ed., A.W. Kuts-Chereaux; Publ., American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Associations.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Science and Practice of Iridology. Bernard Jensen, DC, ND.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM]
Catechism of Naturopathy. (William Turska, ND). Articulated five natural methods of living and treatment: “elementary remedies, chemical remedies, mental remedies, and constructive thought” and rationale; leads ISNP’s new Council on Naturopathic Philosophy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
John Christopher, ND, founds School of Natural Healing in Springville, UT. Influential botanical therapeutics training and publishing.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Santa Fe Academy of Massage and Natural Healing founded in Santa Fe, NM. Operational as late as 1980.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL]
Southern School of Naturopathy in Brownsville, TX, enrolls its first class; after operating for one year it is forced to close as a result of concerted attacks on the profession by the new state Attorney General, John Ben Shepherd, particularly after the AG’s ruling on June 29, 1953, that the licensing of NDs in Texas violated the Texas Constitution.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western States graduates the student cohort that had arrived in 1949. More than half graduate with both naturopathic doctor (ND) and doctor of chiropractic (DC) degrees. This graduating class of the School of Naturopathy is the largest class of ND degree recipients at WSC up to that time. Over the coming decades, the members of this graduating class would play significant roles in providing clinical practice and organizing the institutional re-emergence of naturopathy in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, as well as broad-scope chiropractic in Oregon and elsewhere. Among the graduates are Joseph A. “Joe” Boucher, Appa Anderson, Ralph M. Failor and Hazel Failor. This cohort will be the largest class graduating from any naturopathic school for another 30 years.
[PA]Professional Associations [AI][AC]
The NCA continues to exert severe pressure on W.A. Budden to drop the naturopathic program at Western States even though it is growing and moving into a greater level of coherence.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
A State Supreme Court decision in Florida rules it illegal for naturopaths to administer drugs, in reversal of a previous decision by the high court. JAMA publishes “Resolution No. 3 on Chiropractic and Naturopathic Education” approved by AMA House of Delegates at their clinical meeting in St. Louis to investigate “the quantity and quality of training” received in chiropractic and naturopathic schools; investigation undertaken for the purpose of influencing legislators to act against these professions.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Delegates at the annual national AMA convention promote overt agenda and strategizing of eliminating chiropractors and naturopaths and removing their ability to practice under state licensing. The Alabama delegation to the House of Delegates introduced a resolution proposing to attack chiropractic and naturopathy at their “weakest point,” their school and colleges. This proposal was redirected to the AMA educational committee which recommended that, for political reasons, the AMA should avoid directly acting against the schools and colleges of other professions, I.e., chiropractors and naturopaths (even though it publicly referred to them as “healing cults”). Instead, the AMA leadership referred the issue to the state medical societies to take political action at the state level, with the full support of the national organization. (Proceedings of the House of Delegates, American Medical Association Annual Meeting, 1953).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [AC][AI]
Significant revisions to Oregon Chiropractic Act and Western States College entrance requirements with mandate of two years pre-professional college education.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Georgia licenses naturopaths.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Nevada passes ND licensing legislation but under pressure from the medical establishment the governor vetoes the legislation and a veto override fails.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
The ruling by the new state Attorney General of Texas, John Ben Shepherd, on June 29, 1953, declares that the licensing of NDs in Texas under the Naturopathy Act violated the Texas Constitution by giving “preference to one segment of the healing arts”. This action followed a request by the county medical society and state medical association which prompted the Criminal District Attorney of San Antonio, Texas, to consider bringing action against naturopaths in Bexar County if the Naturopathic Act were deemed invalid. The courts upheld this ruling later in 1957 and subsequently, 1958, the practice of naturopathy in Texas would be barred by the courts. (Cody, George W. The First True Integrators: Henry J. Schlichting, Jr. and the AMA’s War on Natural Healing – Part 2. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019 Aug; 18(4):12-15.)
1954
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Western Family Doctor, The Business Magazine of The Natural Healing Arts Professions. Ed., Leo E. Montenegro, DC, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [LR]
Saskatchewan Association of Naturopathic Physicians (SANP) established.
[PA]Professional Associations
A.C. Johnson, DC, ND, of San Diego becomes second Vice President of the American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Association (ANPSA/ANA).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Saskatchewan province regulated under The Naturopathy Act.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
W.A. Budden dies in Portland, OR, on August 1, exactly one week after his return from a meeting of the Council on Education at the St. Louis Convention of the National Chiropractic Association. Health Research Foundation appoints Milton I. Higgens, DC, as President of Western States College. Without the primary advocate for and protector of the longstanding alliance between chiropractic and naturopathy Western States would cease its resistance to the longtime pressure by the NCA and its Council on Education and close its ND degree program.
1955
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Healing Hands or The Natural Healing Arts: A Story of the Basic Principles of the Drugless Profession as Practiced in America. Walter Bazan.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
National Health Federation takes over publication of Naturopath and Herald of Health from Theresa M. Schippell, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Naturopathic Practitioner Journal. Publ., AANP and CNP, until 1958.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Science and Art of Manipulative Surgery. Stephen L. Fielder and W.H. Pyott, DC, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
Canadian Naturopathic Association (CNA) incorporated, name changes from CANP. Charter members include Fred Parsons, ND, Elsie Budd, ND, Ross Skaken, ND, Lawrence Schnell, ND, Verdeen Fulton, ND. Fred Parsons, ND, founding President.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Formation of Australian Natural Therapists Association (ANTA). Membership includes multiple “natural and traditional health” therapists and professions, including naturopathic doctors; ANTA is noted in 1989, in Schedule One of the Australian Therapeutic Goods Act.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Board of Directors of Drugless Therapy Naturopathy, established in Ontario, Canada. Robert Farquahrson, founding Chair.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
“Legislative sessions in Texas, South Carolina and Georgia are very rocky with a lot of MD pressure, and in Nevada the next attempt at legislation falls short.” (Personal communication. George Cody)
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PA]
John J. Nugent and the NCA publish a revision of Educational Standards for Chiropractic Schools (National Council on Education, National Chiropractic Association; Webster City, Iowa) codifying the NCA requisites of accreditation for the chiropractic schools, including eliminating naturopathic programs from their curriculum and disallowing the granting degrees in naturopathy by accredited chiropractic colleges. Further, by 1955, had Nugent overseen the transition of 46 of 51 chiropractic schools from private to nonprofit.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Frank Spaulding, ND, drives throughout the U.S. soliciting donations to found NCNM.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Ralph M. Failor, DC, ND, begins tenure as President of Western States College after being appointed by Health Research Foundation to succeed Milton I. Higgens, DC.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Western States closes its ND degree program. In making the announcement of its closing, the president of the college remarks: “Circumstances and legislative actions now indicate that this alliance is no longer necessary.” Central States College of Physiatrics/Health Sciences (Eaton, OH) until 1962 and Sierra States University (Los Angeles, CA) until 1963 remain the only naturopathic academic programs.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI]
National Chiropractic Association ceases granting accreditation to chiropractic schools that also teach naturopathy.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Lloyd Conover develops tetracycline.
©1992-2023 Mitchell Bebel Stargrove
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