1970-1997
Renaissance of Naturopathic Medicine
Re-emerging Profession in an Evolving Cultural Context:
Naturopathy to Naturopathic Medicine
1970-1979
1970
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Living the Good Life: How to Live Sanely and Simply in a Troubled World. Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing. Advocated rural life based on self-reliance, good health, and a minimal engagement in cash economy; major influence in post-WW2 back-to-the-land movement.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper introduce the term “bioinformatics” to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems.
[PA]Professional Associations
Creation of Association of Natural Health Practitioners (Australia).
[PA]Professional Associations
First joint Canadian Naturopathic Association and Northwest Naturopathic Physicians Convention.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Earth Day first celebrated April 22; pivotal in the emergence of popular awareness of ecology and connection between human health, local environment and planetary health. Ecology and social justice emerge as part of broader cultural shifts that inspired and motivated the natural health, women’s freedom and human potential movements, invigorated attention to food, organic agriculture, housing, fitness, sexual and reproductive health, herbal and somatic medicine, traditional and Asian medical systems.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Walter Adams, ND, becomes President of NCNM until 1973.
1971
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Living Systems. James Grier Miller, MD, PhD, and Jesse Miller. Applies general systems theory as a unified approach to the biological, psychological, and social sciences to describe all aspects of living systems.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [MC]
Resurgence of student population in naturopathic colleges as NCNM sees increase in student admissions. Dr. John Bastyr’s observation highlights a key turning point in a dwindling profession, to becoming a reemerging profession: “What would become the NCNM Class of 1976 was convening for the first time. That we were 31 was remarkable. The sophomore class above us had about 15, the junior class numbered two, and the senior class was four members.” (Dr. John Bastyr: Philosophy and Practice, Melanie J. Grimes, 2005). During this phase, NCNM matured into the first modern four-year, residential, doctoral degree program.
1972
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Autopoiesis described by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela as the self-maintaining chemistry of biological organisms, the property of a living system (such as a bacterial cell or a multicellular organism) by which it maintains and renews itself by regulating its composition and conserving its boundaries. A pioneering school of complexity science and systems biology emphasizes perception, awareness and interactivity in self-organizing living systems. A central element within this theory is the concept of structural coupling, the relation between systems and their environments. Thus, “Autopoiesis can be defined as the ratio between the complexity of a system and the complexity of its environment.”
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [HK][MC]
Gaia Hypothesis, originally proposed by chemist James Lovelock, MD, and co-developed with microbiologist Lynn Margulis, PhD, (1938-2011), introduces to scientific community and then to popular culture concept that Earth is a biological organism, a living being, within which living organisms and their inorganic surroundings interact to form a self-regulating and self-evolving complex system in which synergistic relationships and feedback loops maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet; the geologist-physician James Hutton’s concept of a living Earth acknowledged as a forerunner to the Gaia hypothesis.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
Virginia discontinues naturopathic licensing.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [HK]
First image in which Earth is in full view seen through mass media, December 7, 1972, as the Apollo 17 crew left Earth’s orbit for the moon. Catalyzes emergence of ecological consciousness and perception of earth as Gaia, a living organism.
1973
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living. Humberto R. Maturana, PhD, and Francisco Varela, PhD. Key pioneering text in complexity science and systems biology. (2nd edition 1980).
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Health and Light: The Effects of Natural and Artificial Light on Man and Other Living Things. John Ott, DSc (Hon). Also published papers in International Journal for BioSocial Research on Healing and Light Therapy.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. Schumacher, E.F. Broadly influential text on implications of ecological and scalar design in technology, community and healthy systems.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][GH][MC]
The Victorian Parliament forms Joint Select Committee on Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Naturopathy (Australia).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Washington State Legislature passes legislation restricting scope of naturopathic doctors to dietary advice massage, even though NDs had been legally practicing broader scope for decades.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Creation of Nature Care College of Naturopathic and Traditional Medicine in New South Wales, Australia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Robert Broadwell, DO, ND, establishes NCNM program in Kansas. Seattle campus, faculty continues NCNM didactic program.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PM][HK]
Robert Broadwell, DO, ND, involved in pioneering research on Gelsemium, Arsenicum album and other agents as part of therapeutic lineage of homeopathic and “toxic” herb drop-dose prescribing.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM][HK][PL]
Our Bodies, Ourselves. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective. Began as a 35-cent, 136-page booklet called Women and Their Bodies, published in 1970 by the New England Free Press, and written by twelve Boston feminist activists. Revised and updated eight times, with more than four million copies sold worldwide, with broad inspiration for and influence on women in natural medicine. 2011, most recent edition.
1974
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
The Herb Book. John B. Lust, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Founding of the Australian Council of Natural Therapeutics.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][GH]
The Australian Commonwealth Parliament forms Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy. Committee recommends granting statutory registration for chiropractors and osteopaths but not for homeopaths and naturopaths, 1977.
1975
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Benoit Mandelbrot, PhD, introduces the term ‘fractal’ to describe observable patterns and structures, first published in translation as Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension (1977). After studying fractals called ‘Julia sets’ that were invariant under certain transformations of the complex plane, he built upon work by Gaston Julia and Pierre Fatou, and, using a computer to plot images showing the topology of the Julia sets, he introduced the Mandelbrot set in 1979.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Divided Legacy: Volumes I(-IV): A History of the Schism in Medical Thought. Harris Coulter, PhD. Monumental text reviewing the history of the principles and practices medicine in “the West,” highlighting the Empiricist, Vitalist and homeopathic perspectives.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Three Generations of Healing Secrets. Ralph M. Failor, DC, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR][AI][GH]
Founding of Australian Naturopathic Practitioners Association; with membership is naturopaths only. ANPA’s focus is on profession’s governance, advancing naturopathic regulatory environment, continuing education, and standards for naturopathy as a distinct profession. Founding of South Pacific Council for Natural Therapies.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][AI][GH]
Victorian Joint Select Committee on Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Naturopathy recommends naturopathic practitioners be regulated by the Department of Health; naturopathic training incorporated into the university sector. These initiatives are put on hold as Commonwealth government announces review into “natural therapies” professions.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
NCNM clinic established for Kansas students at the Postal Building in Portland, OR. Sole remaining naturopathic college clinic operating in North America.
1976
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
School of Natural Healing. John R. Christopher, ND. One of the most influential herbalists of the 20th century, directly as well as through students and formulations.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Way of Herbs. Michael Tierra, OMD. Influential text weaving eastern, European, and Native American traditions.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
John Bastyr, DC, ND, SP, becomes president of NCNM until 1979, serves college during the initial phase of ND professional renaissance in the US, as a new generation of young students is drawn to naturopathic medicine. NCNM class of 1976, entered as 31 in 1972, is a significant indicator of the turning point. This gives hope to the small, dedicated team of veteran naturopaths of this era, such as Dr. Bastyr, who waited for the new generation. He and his contemporaries kept the profession’s few institutions and laws alive and carried the light of naturopathic medicine’s teachings, practices, principles and spirit forward to the next generation.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Seattle NCNM program graduates its last class.
1977
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Christopher Alexander, et al. Introduces a new language, “a pattern language derived from timeless entities called patterns.”
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][GH][MC]
Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy, i.e., the Webb Report, rejects regulation of naturopathy in Australia, denounces it as a “minor cult system” – rather than a health profession – and “should not be granted the imprimatur of recognition.”
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) relinquishes educational charter for offering Drugless Therapy (ND and DC) in Toronto, Canada. Continues to offer Drugless Therapy courses for licensure through the 1980s. Stimulus to founding Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM) in 1978.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [LR][AC]
NCNM graduates first Kansas/Portland class after the Kansas campus developed to provide improved basic sciences training; important contextual implications of Basic Sciences requirements legacy in Oregon.
1978
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][AI]
Pacific Northwest elders become faculty, mentors and allies for incoming naturopathic students. They influence, inspire, educate, and support the new generation in rebuilding their profession. Kenneth Harmon, ND, Irving Miller, ND, Jennifer Huntoon, ND, Robert Overton, ND, Harold Dick, ND, J.R. Stober, ND, Joseph Boucher, ND, Robert Fleming, ND, Charles Black, ND, Leyardia Black, ND, Quantz Crawford, Jerry G. Martinez, ND, Gerald Farnsworth, DC, ND, Robert V. Carroll, Jr., ND, and John B. Bastyr, SP, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
The Science of Homeopathy. George Vithoulkas. Influential text in the resurgence of homeopathy in the US, notably among NDs.
[PA]Professional Associations
William Morris becomes Chair of CNA (Canada) until 1980.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Federation of State Licensing Boards founded in the USA.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Province of Saskatchewan, Canada, regulates naturopathic medicine through the Naturopathy Act.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][LR]
Eric R. Shrubb, DC, ND, becomes president of OCNM, until 1981. Began leading defense against the Ontario government attempt to deregulate naturopathic medicine in Ontario.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine (JBCNM), Seattle, WA, founded by Joseph Pizzorno, ND, LM (Founding President), William A. Mitchell, ND, Les Griffith, ND, LM, and Sheila Quinn (Founding Vice-President); admits first class of 31. Mission promotes advancing “science-based natural medicine.” Founding Board includes Jeff Bland, PhD. Named in honor of Dr. John Bastyr, SP, ND, widely respected Seattle physician, midwife, teacher and mentor, known for broad scope and therapeutics, vitalistic practice, integration of science and philosophy, and care for underserved groups.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][AC][RI][MC]
Joseph E. Pizzorno, ND. (b. 1947). Co-Founder and Founding President of John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine (JBCNM), until 2001. NCNM graduate and licensed as an ND in Washington in 1975. Credited with introducing the term “science-based natural medicine”, his vision, strategic leadership, courage, integrity, brilliant intellect and astute insight play pivotal role in synthesizing the empirical tradition of naturopathy with modern scientific methodology and health promotion principles. Dr. Pizzorno significantly contributes in nearly every critical area of naturopathic medicine’s terrain, to the professional development, identity, principles, regulation, scientific advances, public perception and standards of the profession as a whole; effectively revolutionizing the profession and catapulting its public acceptance forward. First appointed to the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy by President Clinton in December 2000 he later joined the Medicare Coverage Advisory Committee during the second Bush administration in November 2002. He is founding editor-in-chief of Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal, a founding member, Treasurer and Chair of the Board of Directors of The Institute for Functional Medicine, and co-author of the Textbook of Natural Medicine and Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, as well as several other books.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, founded by Robert Farquharson, ND, G. Asa Hershoff, ND, John LaPlante, ND, Eric Shrubb, ND, Gordon Smith, ND, William Morris, ND; Arno R. Koegler, ND, President Emeritus (until 1989). Accelerated ND program for health professionals. 56 students in its first year. Eric Shrubb DC, ND, President.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI]
Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME) founded; M.W. Loftin, ND, founding Chair. Other founders include Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Jeff Bland, PhD. Joseph Pizzorno (1978-1998) is Chair when CNME is recognized by the US Department of Education.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
William Keppler, PhD, appointed to Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (NASC), eventually renamed Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). Widely beloved and respected servant leader becomes pivotal influence, champion, leader in the profession’s academic, institutional, and political advancement.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PL][LR][GH]
Indian government dissolves Central Council for Research in Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH); replaces it with four independent research councils, one each for Ayurveda and Siddha, Unani, Homoeopathy and Yoga, and Naturopathy.
1979
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][GH]
A Philosophy of Healing. Judy Jacka, ND. Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Jacka is a respected elder, leader in Australian naturopathy; veteran of Australian naturopathy’s emergence, with lifelong interest in science, natural therapies and research on subtle energies. “In writing and living I am eclectic…I select information and experience from a number of sources and blend them together. This is how I practice as a natural therapist and teacher. Of particular concern is an aim to bridge science and natural therapies. Included here is the need to validate wherever possible subtle forms of healing.” (Jacka, Judy 1938-.” Contemporary Authors.” (Retrieved November 19, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/jacka-judy-1938)
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. James Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS. Revolutionary reconceptualization of the planet Earth as an organism, with profound implications for understanding living biological systems as self-organizing and therefore self-healing.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [RI]
Journal of the John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine is launched. First peer-reviewed scientific journal for modern naturopathic medicine. Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Editor.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Naturopathic College of New Zealand established by Melva Martin in New Plymouth.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
NCNM closes Kansas campus to become based wholly in Portland, OR. Students express concern about and desire to be closer to their naturopathic elder mentors for all four years of training. NCNM establishes the first modern ND academic residency program. Inaugural residents are Catherine Downey, ND, John Dye, ND, Michael Ancharski, ND, and Stephen Ducat, ND.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Pacific College of Naturopathic Medicine accepts first class. Upon closing in 1982, NCNM and JBCNM interview, transfer, and admit PCNM students.
1980-1989
1980
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
“The Philosophical and Historical Roots of Holistic Approaches to Health. Summary and Review of Harris Coulter’s Divided Legacy.” Dana Ullman. Holistic Health Review. Insightful review and well-presented explication of Harris Coulter’s magnum opus history of Wetsern medicine highlighting the contrasting worldviews and clinical approaches rooted in the Empiricist School (of Kos) and the Rationalist School (of Knidus). *
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Psyche and Substance: Essays on Homeopathy in the Light of Jungian Psychology. Edward Whitmont, MD.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][PA][AI][MC]
Rick Kirschner, 4th year NCNM student, and Rick Brinkman, ND, recent NCNM graduate, launch a twenty-six year partnership that would train hundreds of NDs in the resurgent profession, in workshops entitled “The Magical Nature of Communication.” They conducted internet, newspaper, radio and television media trainings at AANP conferences and at mind-body workshops in naturopathic schools; among first in modern profession to emphasize, rebuild, expand, and work directly with the mental and emotional aspects of health and well-being with modalities in addition to homeopathy. In 1980 four JBCNM students (including Judyth Reichenberg, ND) work with president Dr. Pizzorno to establish an in-depth module in naturopathic counseling and health psychology, expanding JBCNM curriculum from one counseling course to six; sets the stage for emphasis at Bastyr University, remaining today. In this era, hundreds of such stories of students and new graduates doing lasting work, rebuilding the schools and profession.
[PA]Professional Associations
Joseph Boucher becomes Chair of CNA until 1985.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Ralph Weiss, ND, and Don Walker, DC, ND, develop Oregon formulary.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American College of Naturopathic Medicine opens in Salem, OR; closes in 1985. Curtis Jasper, ND, Founding President.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Australian Centre for Complementary Medicine College of Natural and Traditional Medicine established.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
JBCNM opens teaching clinic, Seattle, WA.
1981
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Tissue Cleansing Through Bowel Management. Bernard Jensen, ND, DC.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Nevada state licensure, Assembly Bill 444.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL]
Oregon ND licensure statute (ORS 685) requires action by the Oregon Legislature due to broad sunset laws. Don Walker, ND, DC, brings NCNM military veterans to Salem State House for meeting with legislators. Four US Army veterans (NDs and ND students) meet, share military service with fellow legislator veterans. Legislators share their backgrounds in return, opens communication as naturopathic doctors and students attest to curriculum quality, practice validity, ability of NDs to serve Oregon health care needs. Impressed by these responsible, credible, sincere veterans, and solid testimony, sunset vote is taken off agenda, sunset averted. Exemplifies impact of courageous action by individuals; many similar stories supporting profession’s modern re-emergence. Don Walker, ND, DC, James Massey, ND, Rick Marinelli, ND, James Sensenig, ND, and Joel Wallach, ND.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
First class of 32 graduates from OCNM, Toronto, Canada.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Jan Harris, PhD, becomes president of NCNM until 1983. First woman president of a naturopathic college, leader in advancing rigorous basic sciences training in modern naturopathic medicine.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
John Bastyr becomes President Emeritus of NCNM. NCNM purchases its first campus on SE Market Street, Portland, OR.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
OCNM purchases and moves to 43 Benton Street in Kitchener, Ontario, former art gallery and Pentecostal tabernacle.
1982
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Dreambody: The Body’s Role in Revealing the Self. Arnold Mindell, PhD. First publication on theory and practice of Process-Oriented Psychology.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Herbal Medication: A Clinical and Dispensary Handbook. A. W. Priest and L.R. Priest. Influential English text in the Physiomedicalist tradition.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Standards for Out-of-Hospital Births by Naturopathic Physicians in Oregon. Jared Zeff, ND. Adopted by OANP, later adopted as ACNO Standards. (American College of Naturopathic Obstetricians).
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Benoit Mandelbrot, PhD.
[PA]Professional Associations
American Naturopathic Medical Association (ANMA) organized at a meeting in Las Vegas, NV; subsequently incorporated in Portland, OR.
[PA]Professional Associations
Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians (HANP) founded, Portland, OR; Durr Elmore, ND (President), Paul Herscu, ND (Vice President).
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Australian Traditional Medicine Association established.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][AI]
Independent law for “Schools of the Healing Arts” sunsets in Oregon. NCNM’s authority to bestow degrees in jeopardy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
JBCNM graduates its first class of 35.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Robert Farquharson becomes president of OCNM in Ontario, Canada until 1983.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI]
NASC (now NWCCU) conducts regional accreditation site visit at JBCNM. William Keppler, PhD, participates in site visit, supports JBCNM right to accreditation.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications
HANP begins publishing Transactions journal. Paul Herscu, ND, first editor; later evolves into Simillimum.
1983
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Applications of Botanical Remedies in Naturopathic Medicine. William A. Mitchell, ND, co-founder of JBCNM.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Naturheilbewegung, Reformbewegung, Alternativbewegung (Nature Cure Movement, Reform Movement, Alternative Movement). Karl E. Rothschuh.
[PA]Professional Associations [HK]
The Canadian Naturopathic Association Newsletter begins publication by CNA, until 1995.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA]
Oregon Board of Naturopathic Examiners develops formulary of allowable prescription medicines. OANP defends prescription rights against opposition in state legislature.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PM][PL][AI]
Washington State ND license and scope of practice transitions to add-on specialty training model (vs. within ND license) for naturopathic midwifery.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
INER elects BOD of OCNM.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
John LaPlante donated a substantial gift (CDN$250,000) to the first OCNM endowment fund.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
JBCNM establishes ND-LM midwifery certificate training program, led by Farra Swan, ND, Tim Birdsall, ND, Molly Linton, ND, Morgan Martin, ND.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
OCNM launches a four-year, full-time program . Leases former Kitchener – Waterloo Art Gallery, a building in Kitchener on the birth site of Sir William Lyon MacKenzie King.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Satya Ambrose, LAc, [ND], and Eric Stephens, LAc, [DAOM], co-found the highly regarded Oregon College of Oriental Medicine (OCOM), initially sharing facilities with NCNM.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
JBCNM receives candidacy status from regional accreditation agency, Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (NASC), now Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). First naturopathic medicine college accepted as candidate of federally recognized accrediting agency.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PL]
NCNM receives candidacy status from Oregon Higher Educational Coordinating Committee.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications
Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research (INER) established in Toronto, ON. John LaPlante, ND, is founding Chair.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PL][MC]
Research Council for Complementary Medicine is formed in the United Kingdom to develop and extend the research base for natural medicine.
1984
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Biophilia. E. O. Wilson, PhD. Important publication provides a theoretical foundation for the model of self-organizing and self-healing biological systems, specifically influences of natural environments. Wilson expertly describes how “the human affinity for other living thing” is likely an evolutionary adaptation, given our physiological response to the natural world and the length of time our prehistoric ancestors were embedded in natural environments; allowed the field to develop using direct academic language for a concept that is so simple it was never explicitly discussed before Wilson.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][MC]
“View through a window may help recovery from surgery.” Science. R.S. Ulrich. The “grandfather” study for demonstrating that natural environments can have potentially beneficial health impacts. Retrospective chart review of n=46 post-cholecystectomy patients recovering from open gallbladder surgery. Variable was view out of the hospital recovery ward window, 50% had a view of landscape while other group had a view of brick wall. Significantly better recovery times, less post-operative pain medications, and better subjective mood for those with a natural view. Foundational study for how natural vs. constructed environments influence health (i.e., the other “environmental medicine,” unrelated to toxicology). (Science. Apr 27;224(4647):420-421.)
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
Naturopathic Medicine: Treat The Whole Person. Roger Newman Turner, ND, DO, BAc. Landmark advance in naturopathic theory; integration of theory and science. Toxemia, adaptation, holism, self-organizing and self-healing biological systems, terrain and soil concepts, others advanced. Revised, 1990; 2000.
[PA]Professional Associations
National Association of Naturopathic Physicians (NANP), oldest existing naturopathic professional organization in the U.S., files for bankruptcy.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][GH]
Several colleges split from Australian Natural Therapists Association to form Australian Traditional Medicine Society, due to objections on implementation of minimum standards of health and medical sciences for naturopathic courses. Intensifies fragmentation, division within naturopathic profession in Australia. Incorporated in 2001; multi-disciplinary association member categories include massage therapy, homoeopathy, naturopathic nutrition, naturopathy, Chinese traditional medicine, and Western herbal medicine.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Bernard Sadowski, PhD, becomes president of NCNM until 1985.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
JBCNM establishes BS and MS programs in nutrition as the first non-ND degrees within the institution. Changes name to Bastyr College (BC). OCNM moves from Kitchener, Ontario, to a new location at 1263 Bay Street in Toronto.
1985
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
“On a Mechanism of Cardiac Electrical Stability. The Fractal Hypothesis.” And later “Fractals in Physiology and Medicine.” (1987). Pioneering work on fractals and nonlinear dynamics in human physiology published by Ary Goldberger, MD, and colleagues; emerging interface of biomedicine and complexity science with emphasis on cardiac physiology and heart rate variability, influential in later developments.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Textbook of Natural Medicine. Eds., Joseph Pizzorno, ND, and Michael Murray, ND. Considered the first “science-based” naturopathic textbook in North America since Spitler’s Basic Naturopathy (last edition 1956). Becomes best selling professional natural medicine textbook through Elsevier. (5th Ed., 2019).
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][HK][RI][MC]
“Therapeutic Effects of Drug-Nutrient Interactions in the Elderly.” Daphne Roe, PhD. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Pioneering research into drug-induced nutrient depletions.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics
“Lifeforce – A Synergetic Model of Health Care.” Bruce Milliman, ND. Emphasizes the ‘animating life force’ in challenging Hering’s ‘Laws,’ as not precisely ‘laws’ though significant phenomena; proposes these phenomena be referred to as Hering’s ‘Rules.’
[PA]Professional Associations
American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) formally incorporated, December 30; formation led by James Sensenig, ND, founding President; Cathy Rogers, ND, first Speaker of the House of Delegates (HOD) and founding Vice President; William Tribe, founding Executive Director, in volunteer capacity; Founding Board: James Sensenig, Irvin Miller, ND, Michael Cronin, ND, Ed Hofmann-Smith, ND, PhD, Allen Gamble, ND, Cordell Logan, ND, PhD, Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Cathy Rogers, ND, Jared Zeff, ND, Enrico Liva, RPh, ND, Steven Dubey, ND, Molly Fleming, ND, and B. Steuber, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
Roger McHan becomes Chair of CNA until 1987.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
Change to Oregon naturopathic regulations creates specialty certification in obstetrics. NCNM transitions its obstetrics program to a specialty training.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
Northern Territory becomes first (and, to date, only) Australian jurisdiction to regulate naturopaths; Allied Health and Professional Practitioners Act, overturned by Commonwealth legislation in 1992 – the Mutual Recognition Act.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Establishment of the ACT (Australian Capital Territory) College of Natural Therapies.
1986
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][CK]
AMR’TA (Alchemical Medicine Research and Teaching Association), non-profit educational and publishing foundation incorporated by Paul Bergner, Carlo Calabrese, ND, Lori Stargrove, [ND candidate], and Mitchell Bebel Stargrove [ND candidate]. Publishes electronic reference work IBIS: Interactive BodyMind Information System, 1992.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
David Kent Warkentin releases MacRepertory, pioneering computerized homeopathic repertory; followed by ReferenceWorks software, a digitized homeopathic reference library. Applications for clinical homeopathy such as MacRepertory, Radar and Synergy will be at the forefront of innovation in making the record of 200 years of homeopathic literature digitally accessible and integrating computers into the clinical practice of natural medicine.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PA]
AANP HOD (Cathy Rogers, ND, Speaker of the House) establishes first AANP Position Paper Select Committee on the Definition of Naturopathic Medicine, co-chaired by Pamela Snider, ND, Jared Zeff, ND. (Committee: Kevin Wilson, ND, William Wulsin, ND, Peter Green, ND, Bruce Milliman, ND).
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: James Sensenig, ND, President; Cathy Rogers, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; William Tribe, Executive Director.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP begins process of establishing the profession’s public consensus positions; launches the first position paper process; the Select Committee on the Definition of Naturopathic Medicine.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP holds its first annual convention in Arizona.
[PA]Professional Associations
American College of Naturopathic Obstetrics (ACNO) founded.
[PA]Professional Associations
John Bender, ND, is Chair of the BDDT-N until 1992. Serves, leads for over a decade during a period of exceptional transition.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
Victorian Parliament Social Development Committee Inquiry into Alternative Medicine and the Health Food Industry (the Dixon Report) acknowledges naturopathy as “the primary source of healthcare” for many people living in Victoria, Australia.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
State of Alaska passes Practice Act for naturopathic medicine.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
State of Hawaii undertakes sunset review of naturopathic licensing law; legislature recommends there be a national licensing examination following national standards.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Naturopathic practice deregulated in Alberta, Canada.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Washington State adopts Naturopathic Practice Act, to maintain, expand the profession’s ability to practice; manipulation removed due to DC opposition. Led by Daniel Labriola, ND, Lester Griffith, ND, LM (President, WANP), Jennifer Huntoon, ND, and Jeff Larson (lobbyist). Manipulation regained in 1987.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Horace Nealey, MPH, becomes president of NCNM, until 1989.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National Institute of Naturopathy founded in Pune, India. This historic site, original home of the Nature Cure Clinic and Sanatorium, was where Gandhi stayed for 156 days while he conducted his naturopathy experiments and organized national and international activities.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
OCNM relocates again, to a former elementary school at 60 Berl Avenue, Toronto. Four acres on Mimico Creek, forested ravine.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK]
The Canadian Academy of Homeopathy (CAH) founded in 1986 by Andre Saine, DC, ND, DHANP and others to provide professional post graduate residency training in homeopathic medicine with a classical orientation, emphasis and foundation.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PL][LR]
Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examination (NPLEX) Board founded by licensed jurisdictions and colleges in US and Canada; Robin Moore, ND, and Ed Hoffmann-Smith, PhD, are founders and presidents until 1990. Founding board includes Nick Buratovich, ND, Robert Nicoloff, ND, E. Gaulin-Kremer, ND, Jan Harris, ND, and Chris Kind, ND. Prior to 1986, each licensed state and province prepared its own set of board licensing examinations.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
NPLEX publishes Part II: Clinical Sciences Exams.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [HK][AI]
Under the leadership of Joseph Pizzorno, ND, John Bastyr College establishes the first modern research department dedicated to naturopathic medicine and producing the first research articles published on naturopathic medicine in modern peer-reviewed journals. Don Brown, ND, appointed as first director.
1987
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
A to Z of Natural Therapies. Judy Jacka, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
HANP publication Transactions evolves into Similimum.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Kent’s Repertorium Generale. Jost Kunzli von Fimmelsberg, MD (1915–1992), a Swiss orthodox physician and gynecologist who converted to homeopathy; his father and grandfather had been homeopathic doctors. “Kunzli’s Repertory” is influential today, is based on Kent’s Repertory, and incorporates updates from 71 other important sources. Kunzli is noted to have used red dots to indicate confirmed rubrics and remedies. In some books they are printed as black ‘points.’
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Humberto R. Maturana, PhD, and Francisco Varela, PhD. Biological implications of autopoiesis and complexity sciences.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics
AANP: Alderbrook, WA, Convention theme, “What Is a Naturopathic Physician?” James Sensenig, ND, President; Cathy Rogers, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; Convention Chair. Carlo Calabrese, ND, selected first AANP Physician of the Year; Dr. Robert Broadwell given first AANP President’s Award. Convention launches multi-year AANP House of Delegates process; forums, presentations on Definition of Naturopathic Medicine, co-led by Jared Zeff, ND and Pamela Snider ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
John Cosgrove becomes Chair of CNA until 1989. “…an extraordinarily productive, contributing DC/ND in the Canadian landscape.” (D. Schleich).
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation
Wilk v. AMA, landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision, found that the AMA had engaged in unreasonable restraint of trade and conspiracy; nominally, ended AMA’s de facto attacks against chiropractic.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
Nevada Naturopathic Practice Act revoked. Assembly Bill 438 renders Board of Naturopathy defunct.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Sunset review in Washington State expands scope of practice of naturopaths to include diagnostics and all natural treatments; naturopaths are then re-licensed as “Naturopathic Doctors.”
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Establishment of the New South Wales School of Natural Medicine (Australia).
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI][PL][MC]
Bastyr College accredited by CNME. First NM College accredited by federally recognized professional program accrediting agency.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
CNME recognized by the US Department of Education, William Bennett, Secretary of Education. Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Chair.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
NCNM receives candidacy status for accreditation from CNME. Second naturopathic medical college recognized.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [AI]
Canadian Naturopathic Educational and Research Society incorporated. More than 65 scholarships provided as well as several research grants.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [HK]
“Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans.” Steven A. Barrie, Jonathan V. Wright, Joseph E. Pizzorno, et al. Agents Actions. One of earliest peer-reviewed ND studies published in this era.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [HK]
“Effects of garlic oil on platelet aggregation, serum lipids and blood pressure in humans.” Steven A. Barrie, Jonathan V. Wright, and Joseph E. Pizzorno. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. One of earliest peer-reviewed ND studies published in this era.
1988
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Hering’s Law: Law, Rule, or Dogma? André Saine, DC, ND, FCAH. Publ., Canadian Academy of Homeopathy. Well-referenced article challenges “Law” language as not accurate.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [RI]
“Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE”. Davenas E, Beauvais F, Amara J, et al. Nature. Team led by Jacques Benveniste, PhD, publishes a controversial paper describing the action of very high dilutions of anti-IgE antibodies on the degranulation of human basophils. Benveniste evolves this research into ‘digital biology’ experiments.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PA]
Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. Eds., Peter D’Adamo, ND, and Martha D’Adamo. Publ., AANP. First official peer-reviewed journal of the AANP launched at Missoula, MT, AANP Convention.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Lectures in Naturopathic Hydrotherapy. Andre Saine, DC, ND, and Wade Boyle, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Herb Doctors: Pioneers in Nineteenth Century American Botanical Medicine and A History of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati. Wade Boyle, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Visceral Manipulation. J.P. Barral, DO, and P. Mercier, DO.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PA]
AANP (HOD) Select Committee on Definition of Naturopathic Medicine holds a contest for best one-line definition of naturopathic medicine. Over sixty entries. Third prize: “Naturopathy is love in action,” Irv Miller, ND; Second prize: “Naturopathic physicians believe there are alternatives to giving people petroleum by-products and cutting off troublesome body parts,” Rick Kirschner, ND, and Rick Brinkman, ND. First prize, included in Definition Position Paper: “Naturopathic physicians work with nature to restore people’s health. Naturopathic medicine: working with nature to restore people’s health,” Cathy Rogers, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Cathy Rogers, ND, President; Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates. Canadian Naturopathic Educational Research Society (CNERS) established, founded by Robert and Ann Fleming.
[PA]Professional Associations
Joseph Pizzorno, ND, receives AANP President’s Award in part for his central role in CNME recognition by the U.S. Department of Education. New Hampshire Naturopathic Association founded.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Washington State Department of Health distributes licenses to ND’s for the first time using “Naturopathic Physician” title, as legislative intent in response to Dan Labriola, ND’s advocacy. First regulatory designation of NDs as physicians in Washington state.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Bastyr College establishes Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine degree program. Peggy Smith, ND, founder. Also begins offering Bachelor of Science degree.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Stephen Hambly, OCNM President until 1990. Asked to leave post by OCNM BOD (1990) when a team of ND leaders (”Requisitionists”) established unequivocal evidence he had falsified his degree. Requisitionists include Pamela Snider, ND, Daria Love, ND, Marilyn May, ND, Pat Wales, ND, Don Warren, ND.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Bastyr College begins Healing AIDS Research Project, led by Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc, and Jane Guiltinan, ND.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [HK]
Drs. Rick Kirschner and Rick Brinkman’s audio program, Dealing With Difficult People becomes bestseller in the coaching, training industry, references the naturopathic profession, draws attention of Simon and Schuster which requests they develop a book on the topic in 1990, eventually published in 1994 by McGraw Hill. Titled Dealing With People You Can’t Stand, (in 3rd ed,) sells millions of copies, in 26 languages. Book’s introduction introduces readers to the naturopathic medicine profession and to the AANP website. Expands in multiple media.
1989
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PA]
AANP House of Delegates (HOD) unanimously adopts Definition and Principles of Naturopathic Medicine Position Paper at AANP Convention, Rippling River, OR. First U.S. profession-wide consensus definition of naturopathic medicine based on philosophy, principles of practice, and primary care. CAN members input significant; CAN eventually adopts adapted definition. Led by Co-Chairs, Pamela Snider, Jared Zeff; Committee, K. Wilson, W. Wulsin, B. Milliman, P. Glidden. Reaffirmed in 2001, 2011 by AANP HOD vote.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Cathy Rogers, ND, President; Konrad Kail, ND, PA, Vice President; John Weeks, first paid Executive Director (until 1993); Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.
[PA]Professional Associations
Paul Bergner writes AANP publications on cost, safety, efficacy and other topics.
[PA]Professional Associations
Philip Kempling, ND, becomes Chair of CNA until 1991.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [GH]
Commission on Naturopathic Medicine set up by the Government Commission on the Regulation of Naturopathy (GCRN) and International Federation of Practitioners of Natural Therapeutics in the UK. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), an oversight agency for food and drug regulations, officially classes “CAM” agents as medicines in Australia.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [AI][AC]
NPLEX is recognized by all state and provincial jurisdictions that license NDs. NPLEX recognizes degrees from OCNM as eligible.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
First Indian Bachelor in Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences (BNYS) degree started by Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College in Ujjire, Karnataka.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Jim Miller, ThD, becomes president of NCNM until 1993.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC][MC]
Northern Territory University (now Charles Darwin University), Australia, announces naturopathic degree, program to start in 1991 first naturopathic degree in a public university. Degree is suspended indefinitely after registration of naturopaths removed in 1992.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
Bastyr College is accredited by Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (NASC), now NWCCU. First NM college to receive regional accreditation by a federally recognized regional accrediting agency. William Keppler, PhD, on-site reviewer recognizes Bastyr College’s value, advances accreditation.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration
Emily Kane, ND, LAc, journalist, editor, senior editor of the Journal of Naturopathic Medicine (1989-96), the scientific, peer-reviewed journal of the AANP, launches column “Ask the Naturopath” in Prevention Magazine offshoot now called Better Nutrition. Dr. Kane continues a popular column in collaboration with editor Nicole Brechka to the present. This work educating the public about naturopathic medicine spans 30 years (360 months of columns; 300,000 issues published monthly and distributed to over one million health food stores). In 2016 Dr. Kane proposed the column change its title to “Ask the Naturopathic Doctor” with Ms. Brechka’s support.
1990
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Bert Hellinger develops the Family Constellations, also known as Systemic Constellations and Systemic Family Constellations, during the 1990s, combining family systems therapy, existential phenomenology, German familial war trauma experience and Zulu attitudes towards family as a therapeutic method for treating transgenerational family and collective patterns of dysfunction and disease.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Clinical Hydrotherapy. Leo M. Scott, DC, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Frontiers of Natural Therapies. Judy Jacka, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][MC]
Jeffrey Bland, PhD, and Susan Bland found Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM). Founding board includes Joseph Pizzorno, ND, and David Jones, MD, who continue serving today. Gathering point for diverse health professionals dedicated to research-based, physiological systems-based approach to medicine. Produced Functional Medicine Matrix. Jeffrey Bland, IFM widely recognized for inspiration, contributions to naturopathic and conventional medical education.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Meditation: The Most Natural Therapy. Judy Jacka, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Vaccination, Social Violence, and Criminality. Harris L. Coulter, PhD.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Naturopathic Code of Ethics. [PA]
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Cathy Rogers, ND, President; Konrad Kail, ND, PA, Vice President; Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; John Weeks, Executive Director.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation
GCRN (UK) publishes Report of the Commission on Naturopathic Medicine.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
The History of Naturopathy or “Pseudomedicalism”: Naturopathy’s Demise? (Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Education). George A. Freibott, ND.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Founding of naturopathic program in Managua, Nicaragua at Universidad Popular de Nicaragua (UPONIC).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [RI]
Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research (INER) plays a prominent role during significant reorganization phase at OCNM. Stephen Hambly, OCNM President, resigns, and major change in membership of the OCNM Governing Board ensues. Don Warren, ND, appointed Chair, and Robert Schad, Vice Chair, of the new Board (both until 1993). Pat Hutchinson leads the transition Team.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Paul Herscu, ND, DHANP, and Amy Rothenberg, ND, DHANP found The New England School of Homeopathy to provide training in homeopathy to practitioners in United States and abroad. Focus is translating homeopathic philosophy into successful, enjoyable practice of homeopathic medicine.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PL]
Chris Turner, ND, becomes president of NPLEX Board until 1998 and again from 2000-2001.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PA][PL]
US Department of Education threatens to remove recognition of CNME. AANP led campaign creates the profession’s first significant Congressional support to help maintain the recognition (1991). Carlo Calabrese, ND, leads strategy, testimony to U.S. Dept. of Education.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PA][LR]
NPLEX publishes first Part I-Basic Sciences Examinations; Anna MacIntosh, PhD, ND, leads developing basic science blueprints. Christa Louise becomes founding NPLEX Executive Director. Ontario Association of Naturopathic Physicians halts deregulation of NDs; NDs remain under the Drugless Practitioners Act. Province wide lobbying campaign to halt deregulation led by Patricia Wales, ND (ONA President), Dan Labriola, ND, Edie Pett, ND, Pamela Snider, ND, and Jim Spring, ND.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [HK]
“Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Freeze-Dried Urtica dioica in The Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.” Paul Mittman, ND. Planta Medica. Double-blind study investigating the use of nettles in the treatment of allergic rhinitis is the first randomized clinical trial published by an ND in an international, peer-reviewed journal.
1991
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [RI][MC]
“Evidence-based medicine.” G. Guyatt. ACP Journal Club. Gordon H. Guyatt, MD, MSc., McMaster Medical School faculty member (Hamilton, Ontario) coins term ‘evidence-based medicine’ (EBM) in editorial, asserts that medical decision making must evolve from an authoritarian, consultative model to one based on evidence: “Evidence-based medicine uses additional strategies, including quickly tracking down publications of studies that are directly relevant to the clinical problem, critically appraising these studies, and applying the results of the best studies to the clinical problem at hand.” Drs. Guyatt (and Sackett, 1992, 1996) usher in aspirations of an era of evidence-based medicine replete with debate on evidence-informed practice (EIP), ways of knowing, what evidence is, and critical appraisal.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
New England Journal of Homeopathy. Eds., Amy Rothenberg, Paul Herscu. Published until 2002.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [RI]
“Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments.” R. S. Ulrich, R. F. Simons, B. D. Losito, et al. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Foundational study by Ulrich, establishes one of the primary mechanisms by which natural environments influence health, i.e., reduction of psychophysiological stress. Objective physiological (biofeedback) and subjective psychological (mood scales) data to show that people recover from a stressor vastly faster when viewing nature vs. urban scenes. Those attempting to “medicalize” Nature as an intervention are influenced by this study or by one of Ulrich’s follow-up papers.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
The Homeopathic Treatment of Children. Paul Herscu, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
The Spirit of Homoeopathy. Rajan Sankaran, MD (Hom), FSHom (UK). Introduces the concept of Vital Sensation, an influential modern homeopathic prescribing system.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PL][MC]
US Department of Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles updates definition of naturopathic physicians under term, “naturopath” according to modalities practiced by naturopathic physicians.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Konrad Kail, ND, PA, President; [unknown] Vice President; Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates. AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Vaccinations; Led by M. Traub.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP President Konrad Kail, ND, PA, launches AANP “Every Person One Project” (EPOP) initiative; invites AANP members to engage their projects with AANP’s support, despite no budget. Evaluation in 2002 shows many of these projects came to fruition.
[PA]Professional Associations
First North American Naturopathic Medicine Conference (“Into the Light”), jointly sponsored by AANP and CNA, held in Whistler, British Columbia. Focused on outcomes of naturopathic treatment through research. First annual AANP research award granted. Conference co-chaired by John Weeks (AANP Executive Director,) and Mark Percival, DC, ND (CNA).
[PA]Professional Associations
Kelly Farnsworth, ND, becomes Chair of CNA until 1994.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Montana State passes naturopathic licensure law.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Bastyr College and NCNM offer the first international residency program at Tyringham Naturopathic Clinic in Buckinghamshire, England.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Kenneth Pownall, DDS, appointed as OCNM President until 1993. Dr. Pownall previously served as the Registrar for the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario for 25 years.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI]
NCNM accredited by CNME.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
Council for Homeopathic Certification (CHC) founded by Durr Elmore, ND, and Harry Swope, ND, in response to a vision to certify practitioners and assure a united homeopathic profession. Naturopaths, acupuncturists, professional homeopaths, medical doctors, nurses, chiropractors, podiatrists, dentists and osteopaths define evaluative criteria for homeopathic competence and assemble diverse board of directors for the Council from these various professions within homeopathic community.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
Canadian Homeopathic Coalition (CHC) co-founded in Montreal, Quebec by Pamela Snider, ND (Chair), Bill Reynolds (Co-Chair), John Hrab (Co-Chair), with catalyst Tutti Gould, ND; 39 Canadian stakeholder organizations. CHC leaders propose New Canadian Federal Natural Health Products division to Ottawa Health Protection Branch, Drugs Directorate Division leaders; through CHC’s unified, consistent voice, advocacy during two years of government meetings. Influential step in establishing Canadian Office of Natural Health Products (ONHP).
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation
Healing AIDS research project presented to the British Parliament by Bastyr University’s Joseph Pizzorno, ND, and Jane Guiltinan, ND.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [RI][MC]
US Congress passes legislation establishing the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM).
1992
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Bastyr College establishes 45th Street Homeless Youth Clinic, first free drop-in health clinic in the U.S. to offer both conventional and natural medical treatments.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Native American Rehabilitation Association (NARA), first NCNM community clinic founded.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. John H. Holland. Introduces the “genetic algorithm.”
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [DP][RI][MC]
”Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine.” G. Guyatt, J. Cairns, D. Churchill, et al., (including D. Sackett and M. Enkin). JAMA. Dr. Guyatt and colleagues publish first article in JAMA series using new name – “evidence-based medicine” – and call for far-reaching change in the practice of medicine; a “paradigm shift;” in order to turn medicine into an objective and scientific enterprise. Article opens with: “A new paradigm for medical practice is emerging. Evidence-based medicine de-emphasizes intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiologic rationale as sufficient grounds for clinical decision making and stresses the examination of evidence from clinical research.”
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Gynecology and Naturopathic Medicine: A Treatment Manual. Tori Hudson, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
IBIS: Interactive BodyMind Information System (1.0). Ed., Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, ND, LAc. AMR’TA releases pioneering transdisciplinary electronic reference work of natural medicine compiled by more than 100 practitioners, teachers and students. Updated in 1999 as IBIS99: Integrative BodyMind Information System by Integrative Medical Arts Group, Inc. and currently published by MedicineWorks.com.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Nutrition from Marz, first edition. Russell Marz, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Jamison Starbuck, ND, JD, President (until 1993); Brent Matthieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM]
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Electronic Diagnosis. Led by M. Cronin.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM]
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Environment. Led by S. Weiss, G. Weiss, R. Kirschner.
[PA]Professional Associations [CK]
Physician’s Oath. Led by H. Swope. Dr. Swope was the first to administer the Oath in 1992.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Treatment of Streptococcus. Led by C. Hansen.
[PA]Professional Associations
British Naturopathic and Osteopathic Association (BNOA) divides into separate naturopathic and osteopathic organizations; Naturopathic component reverts to British Naturopathic Association (BNA).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
OCNM re-incorporates as Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM). Operates as the educational arm of INER.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [MC]
“Evolved responses to landscapes”. G. Orians and J. Heerwagen, J. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (Eds.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. The first study designed to test Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis. Participants rated their preference for different landscape pictures, with the most preferred being settings similar to those upon which it is believed our prehistoric hominid ancestors evolved, i.e., open grasslands with some water and trees for shade/cover/refuge. As such, their work was called the “Savannah hypothesis.”
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PL][MC]
National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine headquarters is established, Washington, DC. Tori Hudson, ND, appointed to NIHOAM Advisory Council. Joseph J. Jacobs, MD, appointed Director.
1993
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
The Shaman’s Body: A New Shamanism for Transforming Health, Relationships, and the Community. Arnold Mindell, PhD.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Jamison Starbuck, ND, JD, President; [unknown] Speaker of the House of Delegates.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: AIDS; Led by Jane Guiltinan, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Era-Appropriate Education; Led by Robert Broadwell, Kathi Head.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Homeopathy; Led by Michael Traub, ND, Laurie Aesoph, ND, Bruce Dickson, ND, Brent Mathieu, ND, Judyth Reichenberg-Ullman, ND, DHANP, Stephen King, ND, DHANP, Julian Winston, Louise Edwards, ND, LAc, and Prudence Broadwell, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
British Naturopathic and Osteopathic Association (BNOA) reverts to title, British Naturopathic Association (BNA).
[PA]Professional Associations
Institute of Natural Medicine (INM) is incorporated as a non-profit 501(c)3 in Oregon by James Sensenig, ND, Harry Swope III, ND, Vida Fassler, and Bob Timberlake. Founding board includes J. Sensenig (founding Chair), R. Timberlake, M. Werness, H. Swope, W. Fassler, V. Fassler, and J. Strohecker. Sue Yirku becomes founding Executive Director (until 2013). Established to engage philanthropy and advance public education concerning naturopathic medicine.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Israel Naturopathic Association established, Nimrod Sheinman, ND, Founding President.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
James Spring, ND, becomes Chair of the Board of Drugless Therapists – Naturopathy (BDDT-N) until 1998. Serves during period of challenge and transition. Osteopaths Act grants statutory recognition to osteopathy in UK.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [AI][AC]
Australian College of Natural Medicine becomes first private academic provider to offer a degree in naturopathy accredited by the Australian government.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
British College of Naturopathy and Osteopathy (BCNOA) becomes British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM). Signifies resistance to naturopathy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Don Warren, ND, DHANP, appointed CCNM President (until1996). Robert Schad, philanthropist and business leader becomes CCNM Board Chair. Dr. Warren leads CCNM restructure, transforming a difficult period into an opportunity to stabilize, strengthen, unify, and advance CCNM in partnership with Mr. Schad. Dr. Warren is known, respected for integrity, wise, visionary, compassionate, pragmatic strategic leadership: served as CNME President, founding Board member for the interprofessional Academic Consortium for Complementary and Alternative Health Care (ACCAHC), and led important Rwanda study on HIV and selenium. Throughout his leadership and service to the profession he maintained thriving, full scope traditional vitalist practice with an emphasis on excellence in clinical homeopathic medicine.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA]
Michael Cronin, ND, Founding President of SCNM, until 1997. Dr. Cronin is known for his pioneering spirit, sense of strategy, courage and execution; his clinical excellence particularly in advanced physical medicine and pain (clinical practice and education); and for his commitment to and leadership in global health and advancing the profession overall. From SCNM onward his academic and professional service has included leadership in the Naturopathic Academy of Therapeutic Injections (NATI), the Naturopathic Physicians Research Institute (NPRI), the AANP (including a pivotal term as president), and collaboration in developing the World Naturopathic Federation (WNF).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine (SCNM) founded by Michael Cronin, ND, Kyle Cronin, ND, Konrad Kail, ND, PA, Debra Mainville-Knight, ND, and Dana Keaton, ND. Receives Arizona private postsecondary license. SCNM and Drs. Cronin and Cronin become a significant force in moving the profession forward as they develop SCNM. SCNM distinguishes itself by seeking exceptional quality leaders and faculty from throughout the U.S. and Canada, using a modular curriculum approach to bring top faculty in for shorter intensives. Evolves into Sonoran University of Health Sciences in 2022.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Timothy Duszynski, EdD, becomes president of NCNM, until 1996.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AI]
University Health Clinic establishes the first private practice U.S. ND Residency in Seattle, WA with Bruce Milliman, ND, as Residency Director. Selena Heron, ND; Margaret Beeson, ND, first Residents.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
AANP White House gathering of 24 “alternative healthcare” stakeholders hosted by First Lady Hillary Clinton as part of President Clinton’s medical reform effort. Joseph Pizzorno, ND, selected to participate. Joseph Pizzorno, Sandi Cutler, and John Weeks lead a profession-wide initiative that produced a booklet on ND contributions to reform, including support letters from more than 12 members of Congress.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Joseph Pizzorno, ND, appointed to U.S. Congressional panel on the Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Supplements.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Joseph Pizzorno, ND, invited to present to First Lady Hillary Clinton’s Health Care Reform Task Force on the role of Naturopathic Medicine in Health Care Reform.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [AI][MC]
The Hon. Deborah Senn, Washington State Insurance Commissioner, invites John Bastyr College to help create models for better inclusion of natural medicine in the Washington State Healthcare Plan.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [RI]
David Eisenberg, MD, R.C. Kessler, C. Foster, et al., publish landmark survey on use of “Unconventional medicine in the United States” in the New England Journal of Medicine. The widespread news coverage and innumerable citations are seen as turning point in documenting and legitimating the widespread use of natural and complementary medicine by the public in the United States.
1994
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Fundamental Research in Ultra High Dilution and Homoeopathy. J. Schulte and P.C. Endler.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
HealthWWWeb.com pioneering transdisciplinary educational and networking website launched by AMR’TA; coordinated by Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, ND, LAc.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
History and Geography of Human Genes. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Provides the first full-scale reconstruction of where human populations originated and the paths by which they spread.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Nature Doctors: Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine. Friedhelm Kirchfeld and Wade Boyle, ND, authors, publ.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Ultra High Dilution: Physiology and Physics. P.C. Endler and J. Schulte.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President (until 1997); Timothy Birdsall, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; Sheila Quinn, Executive Director (until 2000). Sheila Quinn is respected for her strategic leadership, impactful partnership with Dr. Kruzel during intensive legal challenges. Her wise, pragmatic organizational skills advance AANP as a functional organization, strengthen AANP’s political positioning, policy advances for naturopathic medicine including eventually establishing the NCCAM and IHPC. Ms. Quinn also known for maintaining Bastyr’s fiscal health and management effectively during demanding, turbulent, rapid growth.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM]
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Acupuncture. Led by P. Rollo, ND, LAc.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][MC]
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Civil and Human Rights.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM]
AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Grandfathering.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP President Thomas Kruzel re-establishes AANP’s financial health, successfully eliminates several lawsuits filed by Donald Hayhurst (ANMA) against AANP; moves AANP agenda forward, including moving HOD Position Papers into production, with particular leadership in establishing Standards of Naturopathic Medicine, a landmark accomplishment. Known for courage, integrity, compassion, humble leadership and vision as AANP president.
[PA]Professional Associations [LR]
Association De Médecine Naturopathique Du Québec, AMNQ (Quebec Association of Naturopathic Medicine, QANM) established; Andre Saine, DC, ND, DHANP, Founding Chair.
[PA]Professional Associations
INM launches the Dr. John Bastyr Sunshine Fund to build a sun porch for Dr. Bastyr; Dr. Bastyr dies before the porch could be built. Funds raised were later redirected by INM to honor his passion for science through INM’s Clinical Investigator Research Fellowships, for graduating naturopathic medical students, and studies that advance the profession.
[PA]Professional Associations [LR]
Nova Scotia Association of Naturopathic Doctors (NSAND) established; Lois Hare, ND, founding Chair.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (“DSHEA”), a U.S. federal statute defining and regulating nutrients, herbs and other natural substances as “dietary supplements”, particularly in the context of retail sales. Championed by Senators Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) and Tom Harkin (D-Iowa).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Canterbury College of Natural Medicine established in Christchurch, New Zealand. Consortium of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (CNMC) established. Michael Cronin, ND, Founding President. Evolves into the American Association of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (AANMC). Sue Yirku becomes Executive Director.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine (JBCNM) renamed Bastyr University (BU) of Natural Health Sciences.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
The Connecticut Center for Naturopathic Education founded as a prelude to formation of a naturopathic college in Connecticut.
[AC]Academic Accreditation
Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME) publishes the first accreditation handbook for naturopathic colleges.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [AI][MC]
Bastyr University receives first National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant, and first Center research grant from National Institutes of Health awarded to a “CAM” college; Principal Investigator, Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc. Establishes Bastyr University AIDS Research Center.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [MC]
National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) appoints Alan Trachtenberg, MD, MPH, LAc, Director until 1995. Leanna J. Standish, ND, PhD, LAc, (Bastyr University) is a key OAM advisor.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications
SCNM Research Program established by Ian Bier, ND, LM, LAc.
1995
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][AI]
Naturopathic community loses Drs. John Bastyr and William Turska, two of its most influential elders.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President; Timothy Birdsall, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates. AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Standards of Naturopathic Medicine: Standards of Practice. Led by T. Kruzel, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Formation of the Federation of Natural and Traditional and Natural Therapists (Australia). Joseph Pizzorno, ND, receives the first AANP Benedict Lust Award.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [AI][MC]
Bastyr University receives Ryan White federal funds, enabling teaching clinics to provide free natural health care to low-income patients living with HIV/AIDS. Early steps in building public and community health relationships.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Interdisciplinary CWIC group led by Lori Bielinski, LMT, policy analyst, first integrative state “CAM” and insurance leadership round table; this formal three-year engagement guides Washington State’s integration of “every category of provider.” CWIC Report published in 2000. Prototype for the Affordable Care Act’s Sec. 2706 Non-Discrimination Legislation (led by Sen. Tom Harkin, Iowa); Bruce Milliman, ND, Lise Alschuler, ND, Pamela Snider, ND, and John Weeks.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Pamela Snider, ND, appointed to Washington State Health Professional Loan Repayment and Scholarship Program (HPLRSP) Advisory Committee. Daniel Labriola, ND, and Eric Jones, ND, advocate inclusion. Washington State Department of Health includes NDs in the state primary care workforce.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
The Hon. Deborah Senn, Washington State Insurance Commissioner, implements “every category law” by establishing the Office of Insurance Commissioner’s Clinician Workgroup on the Integration of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CWIC). BU and WANP participate. John Weeks, Larry Jacobsen (co-facilitators) and Bruce Milliman, ND, lead engagement.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Washington State passes healthcare reform legislation, requiring insurance coverage for “every category” of licensed healthcare provider, known as the “every category law” and including NDs in the WA State student loan repayment program for primary care service to rural and underserved communities.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [RI][MC]
Wayne Jonas, MD, PhD, appointed Office of Alternative Medicine Director (until 1999), began the process of developing the Office into a full Center. Dr. Jonas later heads the innovative and influential Samueli Institute.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Federation of State Licensing Boards, Inc., established. Founding President, Michael Cronin, ND.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
New Hampshire passes licensure law, led by Pamela Herring, ND, James Sensenig, ND, and Bob Timberlake.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL][MC]
WANP launches a 10-year campaign to modernize ND scope of practice including expanded prescriptive authority, minor surgical office procedures, immunizations, all routes of administration, primary care. Campaign Team establishes language for final B. 18.36a RCW Naturopathy modernization. Bruce Milliman (lead, WANP President 1995-1999); Steve Davis, Jeff Larson, Jennifer Booker, and Kasra Pournadeali (WANP President 2002-2006), Daniel Labriola. Kasra Pournadeali lead in passing law and implementation.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL][MC]
Washington State codifies “Naturopathic Physician” in state law (18.36a RCW). Substitute House Bill 1809: Naturopathic physicians also granted legal ability to ‘delegate’ care to nurses. Implemented 1996. Led by WANP Daniel Labriola (Government Affairs), Jeff Larson (Lobbyist), Bruce Milliman (President), and Patricia Hastings, WANP; Steve Borukowitz, WA State Department of Health; Lisa Thatcher and Nick Federici, Washington State Nurses Association all testify in Support.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
NCNM establishes Master of Science in Oriental Medicine (MSOM) program as the first non-ND degree within the institution.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
SCNM’s Southwest Naturopathic Medical Center opens in Tempe, AZ.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][GH][MC]
Southern Cross University (Lismore, New South Wales, Australia) establishes School of Natural and Complementary Medicine, first publicly-funded naturopathic degree course in the world.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Dr. Stephen Myers appointed as Foundation program director and later Head of School of Natural and Complementary Medicine.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [PM][HK]
“The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework.” S. Kaplan. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Introduction of Attention Restoration Theory (ART). Distinct from Ulrich’s stress theory, Stephen and Rachel Kaplan developed the process of “Attention Restoration” based on the work of psychologist William James. Essentially states, human beings are hardwired to respond to stimuli from the natural environment in a healthier way (because of the evolutionary Biophilia adaptation), and therefore being in nature is less taxing and more restorative for human mental reserves.
1996
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [AI][MC]
North Hawaii Community Hospital, Kamuela, HI, affiliated ND Residency Program, founded with Michael Traub, ND, consulting medical staff member and Residency Program director. Earl Bakken, MD, was the initial Chairman of the Board of Trustees. NCNM is academic affiliate.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Eat Right for Your Type. Peter J. D’Adamo, ND. Blood type-based dietary system focusing on lectins; becomes New York Times best-seller. Foundation for further genotype-based and deeper individualization in food response patterns.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][RI][MC]
“Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t.” D.L. Sackett, W.M. Rosenberg, J.A. Gray, R.B. Haynes, W.S. Richardson. British Medical Journal. This team defines influential EBM components; “Evidence based medicine is not ‘cookbook’ medicine. Because it requires a bottom up approach that integrates the best external evidence with individual clinical expertise and patients’ choice… external clinical evidence can inform, but can never replace, individual clinical expertise, and it is this expertise that decides whether the external evidence applies to the individual patient at all and, if so, how it should be integrated into a clinical decision…… Clinicians who fear top down cookbooks will find the advocates of evidence-based medicine joining them at the barricades.”
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1e) organized and edited by Marc Micozzi, MD, PhD. First U.S. textbook on diverse complementary and integrative medicine professions and approaches for medical students. By 6e, one of the most enduring.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM][CK]
Naturopathic Medicine (1st Ed., by Joseph Pizzorno, ND, 2nd to 6th Eds. by Joseph Pizzorno, with Joseph Katzinger, ND, and Marc Micozzi, MD, PhD).
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [PM]
Healing Yourself Naturally. Judy Jacka, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Stramonium: With an Introduction to Analysis Using Cycles and Segments. Paul Herscu, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage [MC]
Total Wellness: Improve Your Health by Understanding the Body’s Healing Systems. Joseph Pizzorno, ND.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PA]
AANP HOD establishes a committee to review three proposed new naturopathic principles: “Wellness” (Maureen O’Keefe), “Least Force” (B. Milliman), “Relieve Suffering” (J. Zeff). Profession and college-wide survey initiated on principles and definition, 1996-1999. Committee: Thomas Abshier, ND, David Greenspan, ND, B. Milliman, ND, Miriam Mitchell, ND, J. Pizzorno, ND, P. Snider, ND, J. Zeff, ND, Sally Ringdahl, ND, Catherine Downey, ND, Ron Hobbs, ND, Paul Mittman, ND, Dennis O’Hara, ND, Pamela Hahnemann-Pittman, ND, Michael Slezak, ND, and Mark Monwai (ND candidate Bastyr.).
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [AI]
Integration Project launched by Consortium of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (CNMC), co-led by Pamela Snider, ND, and Jared Zeff, ND, LAc, to provide stimulus and tools to integrate “philosophy” throughout naturopathic curricula in naturopathic colleges. Continued through AANMC until 2003.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics
Guru Sandesh Singh-Khalsa, ND, CNMC Dean’s Council Chair.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President; Rita Bettenburg, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP’s inaugural logo designed by Rick Kirschner, ND, approved by AANP Board. Redesigned in 1998, AANP’s 2018 logo is derivative of the original. In 1996, an Oklahoma diploma mill used AANP’s logo on its website, in marketing materials shortly after AANP posted it. Dr. Kirschner caught this during routine monitoring of naturopathy diploma mills. The diploma mill stopped immediately, removed it from their materials after he contacted them and politely threatened legal action if they failed to cease and desist.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP new website developed, enhances U.S. profession’s outreach and visibility. Pioneered by Rick Brinkman, ND, and evolved by R. Kirschner, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
Formation of the Australasian Federation of Natural Therapists.
[PA]Professional Associations
Lois Hare, ND, becomes Chair of CNA until 1999.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation
Amy Rothenberg, ND, is appointed to Amherst, MA, Board of Health; becomes Board Chair; serves several terms until 2003. Second ND appointed to a public health board in 1996.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [GH]
Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration, regulatory body for drugs, foods, and medicines holds first Alternative Medicine Summit.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Bastyr University and Community Health Centers of King County (CHCKK) win a contract to establish King County Natural Medicine Clinic (KCNMC) as the first US government-funded integrated community health clinic; co-directed by Jane Guiltinan, ND, and Marty Ross, MD.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Eileen Stretch, ND, becomes first ND to lead a CAM division as medical director for health care insurers Alternare Health Services; facilitates inclusion of NDs within insurance companies.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
First Washington State HPLRSP student loan repayment award received by Cindy Breed, ND, at Community Health Centers of King County Natural Medicine Clinic for primary care service to underserved populations.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
Helen Healy, ND, unsuccessfully prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license, which galvanized momentum toward Minnesota State ND licensure legislation.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation
Historic meeting between Regence Blue Shield Medical Director Ze’ev Young, MD, and Drs. Esteban Ryciak and W. Bruce Milliman. Launching first state level full inclusion of NDs in third party reimbursement as primary care physicians in Washington State. [MC]
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
Joseph Pizzorno, ND, appointed to Seattle/King County Board of Health until 2002. First ND appointed to a public health board.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
King County Council (Washington) passes resolution to fund first publicly-funded, integrated public health clinic in the U.S. Kent Pullen and Maggi Fimia, key Council figures; Bastyr University President Joseph Pizzorno, ND, leads the effort.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [RI][MC]
Towards a Safer Choice. The Practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Australia. Alan Bensoussan and Stephen P. Myers. Commissioned by Department of Health, Victoria, Australia; benchmark research findings on Chinese traditional medicine practice in Australia. Recommended and led to national occupational regulation in 2013. Comprehensive peer review process under professional review panel of 18 members established by the Victorian Department of Human Services who commissioned the work. Important workforce analysis demonstrates relationship between adverse events, application of clinical theory vs. pathology-based prescribing. Adverse events 2:1 when needling prescriptions applied without clinical theory.
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [MC]
US Dept. of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Region X, and Bastyr University convene, “Building Bridges Between Provider Communities Group” to develop “CAM” and ND integration with public health in Pacific Northwest Region; Co-chaired by Pamela Snider, ND, (BU Associate Dean) and Richard Lyons, MD, MPH, (USPHS, DHHS, Regional Health Administrator); with S. Quinn, B. Milliman, and J. Weeks. A Report by the Building Bridges Group: Activities, Accomplishments and Recommendations 1996-2000 (2001).
[PL]Public Policy and Legislation [PA][MC]
Washington State Insurers Regence, Uniform Medical Plan of WA, and Premera Blue Cross establish primary care status for ND’s in a landmark breakthrough. Bruce Milliman (lead), Jennifer Booker, and Esteban Ryciack.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Maine passes state licensure law, led by Devra Kassner, ND, with James Sensenig, ND, and Bob Timberlake.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Utah passes state licensure law, led by Ray Howard, Sandra Gooch with James Sensenig, ND, (AANP), and Bob Timberlake.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Vermont passes state licensure law, led by Bill Warnocke, ND, Vermont Association of Naturopathic Physicians State Association President, with James Sensenig (AANP) and Bob Timberlake.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Bastyr University relocates to a 51-acre campus on Lake Washington in Kenmore, WA. CCNM launches its Residency Program.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Clyde Jensen, PhD, President of NCNM until 2001. Consolidates college in downtown Lair Hill/ Ross Island district. Known for wise guidance, proficiency and development of academic institutions in transition, bridging professions, diplomacy, political advocacy, a gentle manner and wry sense of humor Dr. Jensen remains a respected leader and ally through decades of the profession’s advancement including AANMC’s maturation and the advancement of NCNM.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
David Schleich, PhD, becomes President of CCNM until 2003. CCNM relocates immediately (until 1999) to 2300 Yonge Street, in Eglinton, Ontario, as interim midtown campus and establishes a naturopathic clinic with a widely expanded patient base. CCNM begins period of rapid expansion, including seven-fold growth in enrollment, establishment of a permanent campus in North York, development of Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic and creation of a research division within the college. The strong equity position for CCNM established by President Schleich creates a secure foundation for CCNM’s future.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
First graduating class of Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine (SCNM).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine (UBCNM) founded in Bridgeport, CT, by James Sensenig, ND, founding Dean until 1997. Admits first class in 1997.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Wellpark College of Natural Therapies (Wellpark College) first registered in Auckland, New Zealand. Phillip Cottingham, ND, President (until current). Dr. Cottingham’s visionary leadership brings New Zealand naturopathic medicine to the global stage, as he becomes part of the international leadership team who establish the World Naturopathic Federation. In New Zealand he remains committed to active, respectful relationship with local indigenous peoples and communities, and to evolving the campus to a retreat and educational center environment.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI]
SCNM receives initial candidacy for status with CNME.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [HK]
Alternative Medicine Review Journal. Ed., Alan Miller, ND. Publ., Al Czap.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [MC]
“Restorative qualities of favorite places.” K. M. Korpela and T. Hartig. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Kalevi Korpela, a Finnish researcher, pioneers environmental psychology as it pertains to natural spaces. Kalevi has explored how the subjective experience of nature influences human affect, behavior, and/or cognition.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [AI]
Bastyr University Research Institute (BURI) established by Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc, and Carlo Calabrese, ND, MPH.
1997
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Foundations of Natural Therapeutics: Biochemical Apologetics of Naturopathic Medicine. William A. Mitchell, ND.
[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Love’s Hidden Symmetry: What Makes Love Work in Relationships. Bert Hellinger and Gunthard Weber.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics
“The Process of Healing: A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine.” Jared Zeff, ND, LAc. Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. Modern formative theory developed by Dr. Zeff acknowledges and advances Tilden’s healing/degeneration model to propose a four-level hierarchy of therapeutics and determinants of health within a three-part theory of practice.
[PA]Professional Associations
AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President; Rita Bettenburg, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.
[PA]Professional Associations
CNERS changes name to Canadian Naturopathic Foundation (CNF).
[PA]Professional Associations
INM reorganizes, advances under leadership of INM Chair and then-NCNM President, Clyde Jensen, PhD. Sue Yirku, Executive Director (1992-2013).
[PA]Professional Associations
INM remains under the NCNM umbrella until 2008.
[PA]Professional Associations
ONA changes name to Ontario Association of Naturopathic Doctors (OAND).
[PA]Professional Associations
Naturopathic Medicine Leadership Summit (facilitated by Alan Kumamoto and Rick Kirschner, ND). Presidents, key staff from INM, naturopathic colleges, AANP and State Alliance look at the future collectively, assess past, commit to working together to advance naturopathic medicine. Considered a unifying moment, various agencies define scope, boundaries of their work, agreeing to cooperate with and support each organizations’ efforts. Concept papers define relationships between AANP, the State Alliance and the INM (led by Clyde Jenson, PhD, Sheila Quinn, R. Kirschner, ND). All parties agree to foster supportive, transparent working culture.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [MC]
Anthony Godfrey, DVM, ND, appointed to Canadian government Herbal Committee, which plays a significant role in establishing the Canadian Office of Natural Health Products.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][GH][MC]
Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee established by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia. Several NDs sit on the Committee.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Puerto Rico, U.S. territory, passes regulation act, HB 1153 led by Efrain Rodriguez Malave, ND.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
State of Arizona produces and administers in-state licensing examinations until 2000.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Consortium of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (CNMC) begins organizing towards becoming American Association of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (AANMC). Clyde Jensen, first president of this second phase until 2001. Instrumental in AANMC formation.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Keith Richards becomes President of SCNM, until 1998.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Landmark purchase of CCNM permanent North York campus in Toronto, Ontario process is launched and orchestration commences by President David Schleich, PhD. New campus includes the Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic, as well as an onsite residence for students.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC][MC]
Southern School of Natural Therapies Melbourne, Victoria, Australia’s oldest surviving naturopathic college, receives government accreditation to offer naturopathic degree.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine enters its first class.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [MC]
Griffin Hospital in Derby, CT, starts CNME-approved hospital-based residency with Christine Girard, ND, as first hospital-based resident under auspices of NCNM.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications [AI]
Bastyr University Cancer Research Center is founded by Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc.
[RI]Research Institutes, Grants and Publications
“Safety Issues in Herbal Medicine: Implications for the Health Professions.” A.K. Drew and S.P. Myers. Medical Journal of Australia. Early naturopathic research; provides principles and methods for understanding safety issues in herbal prescribing.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration
CIGNA, a major U.S. medical insurance company, signs a contract covering naturopathic medical care for Maricopa County, AZ employees.
©1992-2023 Mitchell Bebel Stargrove with contributions from the AANP, WNF, FNM, OANP, NUNM, CCNM, NUHS, BU, SUHS, WSU and individuals in the global community of naturopathic medicine.
This is an open access publication distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.