Birth of Naturopathy: Social Movement and Drugless Physicians
1900 – 1934
1900-1909
1900
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Carola Staden, a practitioner of the Thure Brandt method, publishes “The Thure Brandt System” advocating this system of internal massage as useful for women suffering from their pelvic displacements due to the harmful effects of corsets. Carola and Ludwig Staden operate a clinic in Brooklyn providing therapies from various teachers, including Vincent Priessnitz, Sebastian Kneipp, and Louis Kuhne, and specializing in Thure Brandt. (The Kneipp Water Cure Monthly, I:(2):23.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PL][MC]
Ernst Schweninger (1850-1924) appointed head, until 1906, of the first German hospital of naturopathy in Berlin-Groß-Lichterfelde associated with the Charité; he had earlier been appointed professor for dermatology after his successful treatment of Bismarck in 1884-1900.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
January issue of Kneipp Water Cure Monthly, features a half-page advertisement for the Bellevue Resort listing “B. Lust, Hydropathic Physician, and Miss L. Stroebele, Proprietress”.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [DP]
Kneipp Water Cure Monthly December issue features an ad listing: “Naturopathic Institute, 111 East 59th St, NY, Proprietor and Director, B. Lust, Naturopathic Physician;” the first published occurrence of Benedict Lust declaring himself a “Naturopathic Physician”.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Louise Stroebele authors a full page article in English that appears entitled “Mountain Air Resort Bellevue, Butler, N. J.” in the June issue of Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter. (Louise Stroebele, 1899, p. 141).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
History of Medicine: a brief outline of medical history and sects of physicians, from the earliest historic period; with an extended account of the new schools of the healing art in the nineteenth century, and especially a history of American eclectic practice of medicine, never before published. Alexander Wilder.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) introduces the concept of a pharmaceutical drug as a Zauberkugel (or “magic bullet”) as a targeted intervention against microbes. His laboratory develops arsphenamine (Salvarsan) as a pioneering treatment for syphilis (1909). He is also credited with introducing the concept of chemotherapy and establishing the foundations of immunology.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Philosophy of Physiomedicalism: Its Theorem, Corollary, and Laws of Application for the Cure of Disease. J.M. Thurston, MD.*
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
Anti-Vaccination League of Canada founded in Toronto, ON, after a large rally.
1901
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Benedict Lust studies with William H. Dieffenbach, MD, while attending New York Medical College. Dieffenbach was also a professor at New York Homeopathic Medical College, physical therapist at Volunteer St. Gregory’s Hospital, and electro-therapist at Flower and Hahnemann Hospitals.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Louisa Stroebele and Benedict Lust marry on June 11 and, shortly thereafter, the Bellevue retreat becomes the Yungborn Sanitarium. Louisa’s brother Father Albert had coaxed her to accept Benedict Lust’s offer to marry. Together, they made “a tireless and dedicated power team for naturopathy”. (Sussanna Czeranko) Noticeably, even before this marriage, the advertising in Kneipp Water Cure Monthlyfor May lists Benedict Lust as the Hydropathic Physician (with no mention of Louise) followed by an ad in the June issue in which Louise becomes “Mrs. B. Lust” and both are listed as “Hydropathic Physicians”.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
History of Medicine: A Brief Outline of Medical History and Sects of Physicians, from the Earliest Historic Period. Alexander Wilder, MD. Recounted rise of Reform and Eclectic Medicine in the 19th century United States.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Linus Pauling, PhD (d. 1994). Influential biochemist, nutritional investigator, educator, peace activist, humanitarian. Pioneer of orthomolecular medicine, popular writer on benefits of vitamin C. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954) and Nobel Peace Prize (1962).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Milton Erickson, MD (d. 1980). American psychiatrist and psychologist, reframed hypnosis as modern hypnotherapy,clinical role of significance of non-verbal communication, trance, body memories, power of unconscious mind, and therapeutic metaphor and story; central influence on Richard Bandler, John Grinder and neuro-linguistic programming (NLP); Hypnotherapy: An Exploratory Casebook (1979, with Ernest L. Rossi).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica. (First Edition.) William Boericke, MD. Widely used homeopathic materia medica text. Dr. John Bastyr told his students he kept it by his bedside, “I read one remedy each night before I go to sleep. You should too.” *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Rational Hydrotherapy: A Manual of the Physiological and Therapeutic Effects of Hydriatic Procedures and the Technique of Their Application in the Treatment of Disease. John H. Kellogg, MD. Text epitomized the second wave of writers on water therapy appearing in the early 20th century. This 1193-page tome, featuring 293 illustrations, 18 of which were in color (unique at the time), marked a colossal shift in the American Hydrotherapy landscape. We can grasp the monumental scope of this book by reading Kellogg’s dedication: “To his friend, Dr. Wilhelm W. Winternitz, Professor of Nervous Diseases in the Royal and Imperial University of Vienna, and founder of the first hydriatic clinic, the author respectfully dedicates this volume,” (Kellogg, 1901, iii). Kellogg introduced Winternitz’ scientific work into print in English. The lexicon that we are introduced to in Kellogg’s work is striking and there is a sense that hydrotherapy had finally arrived confidently within the medical paradigm. Winternitz was a student of Priessnitz, and we in his work see the continuity of Priessnitz moving into the 20th century. (Personal Communication Sussanna Czeranko)
[PA]Professional Associations
Carl Schultz, MD, ND, DO, DC, organizes the Association of Naturopathic Physicians of California; incorporated August 8, 1904.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM] [HK][DP]
Kneipp Convention held in New York City, NY, marks the birth of Naturopathy in the United States with the formation of Naturopathic Society of America (founding sometimes backdated to 1896 by Lust including Kneipp Society and activities). The founding committee, headed by Benedict Lust, emphasizes the definitional evolution of focus from therapies to principles as they “decided that all methods of drugless healing should be practiced” including “Metaphysical, Nature Medica, Manipulative Therapy, Naturo-Therapy, Light and Air Treatment, Spiritual.” (P. Wendel, 1950). Pivotal in uniting principles and therapies as foundation of practice and profession.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
- Lust’s Naturopathic College, also called New York Naturopathic Institute and College, located at 135 East 58th St, NYC (moved to this location in May 1901 from 111 E 59th St).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American School of Naturopathy founded by Benedict Lust and F.W. Collins, begins operations in New York City, NY under their leadership. Facilities would eventually house American School of Chiropractic, which would later be chartered in District of Columbia (1919) and re-chartered in Maryland (1940).
1902
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Bernarr Macfadden opens Physical Culture vegetarian restaurant in New York City, a pioneering vegetarian venue in the city; similar restaurants soon opened in Philadelphia, Chicago and other cities, numbering twenty by 1911.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
D.D. Palmer rejects nature cure as “mixing” within chiropractic practice model; the contentious dynamic between “straight chiropractic” and “mixers” influences the ongoing relationship between chiropractic and naturopathy, especially in educational institutions, public policy and professional associations as both professions emerge.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [DP]
Herbert Shelton, DC, ND, remarked in 1949 that he and other natural medicine innovators developed other names for their systems apart from the title “naturopathy” since it was Lust’s proprietary domain and its usage was restricted as copyrighted. “Thus Macfadden called his system Physcultopathy; Lindlahr called his Natural Therapeutics; a man in the Northwest called his system Sanipractic, etc.” (Shelton, Herbert M. 1949. “Keeping Naturopathy’s Record Straight.” Dr. Shelton’s Hygienic Review, p. 88.)
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
“Naturopathy vs. Nature Cure.” Benedict Lust. Naturopath. “Naturopathy and Nature-Cure are distant relatives, it is true — so are the pussy and the tiger. But they are not twins. They don’t even look alike. And they certainly don’t act alike, or think alike. And yet we’ve been mistaken so often . . . that we must arise and differentiate. … Real Nature-Cure is the basis of Naturopathy, though not so deep or broad or high.”
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Benedict Lust publishes The Naturopath and Herald of Health, through 1915; with a German parallel edition, Der Naturopath und Gesundheits-Rathgeber, until 1912. In its January inaugural issue, Lust notes that the title of Kneipp Water Cure Monthly limited its audience appeal (and advertising sales) in the US market and predicts greater success with this “right and correct name” emphasizing “Naturopathy.”
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][PA]
Benedict Lust began publishing The Naturopath and Herald of Health, the first Naturopathic publication, in New York City (until 1915). In the inaugural January issue, Ludwig Staden wrote the first article on Naturopathy, entitled, “What is Naturopathy” and listed twelve principles for its practice. In 1916 the title changes to Herald of Health and Naturopath (until 1922), when, in 1923, the title of the publication becomes Naturopath.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
The Liberator of Medical Thought, edited by Lora Little, combined with The Naturopath, until 1906.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
History of The Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1845-1902: Including The Worthington Medical College(1830-1842), The Reformed Medical School Of Cincinnati (1842-1845), And The Eclectic College Of Medicine (1856-1859), With Biographical Sketches Of Members Of The Various Faculties. Harvey Wilkes Felter, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Return to Nature! The True Natural Method of Healing and Living and the True Salvation of the Soul. Adolf Just. Translated and published by B. Lust.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Science of Facial Expression. Louis Kuhne. Text on physiognomy, popular practice at the time.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge[MC]
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently develop chromosome theory of inheritance.
[PA]Professional Associations [HK][DP][CK]
(Alexander) W. Kuts-Cheraux, MD, ND (d. 1982). Practiced in Bisbee, AZ. In the late 1940s, as Vice President, Arizona Naturopathic Physicians, Board of Examiners, he fought the state attorney general’s efforts to restrict the naturopathic scope of practice. His work as chair of ANA Committee on Natura Medica that produced the landmark botanical text Naturae Medicina (1954) is usually considered the high point of his career.
[PA]Professional Associations
The North American Kneipp Societies cease as organizations, renamed “Naturopathic Societies.” Lust’s Kneipp Societies becoming Naturopathic Societies, are a formative step in establishing the American Naturopathic Association, highlighting the shift from a focus on “nature cure” techniques to naturopathy’s broader focus on principles which support a diverse range of therapeutics.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Benedict Lust opens Naturopathic School of Regeneration (November 1902 ad), 113 E. 59th, NYC.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC]
First graduating class from American School of Naturopathy (ASN). In 1926, the ASN school charter was revoked by the state educational board; corporation dissolved by the State of New York after decades of open conflict with political and economic forces of conventional medicine. Lust would contest these actions and continued school (ASN), both residential and distance learning, until his death.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Kansas City Hahnemann Medical College created by merger of Kansas City Homeopathic Medical College and Hahnemann Medical College of Kansas City University in Kansas City, MO; became Southwest School of Medicine and Hospital, 1915; closure, 1916.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Physio-Medical College of Texas founded in Dallas, TX; 1908, merged with College of Medicine and Surgery, Physio-Medical, of Chicago, IL.
1903
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology. David M. R. Culbreth, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Essentials of Modern Materia Medica and Therapeutics (Eclectic Manual #6, 1903). John William Fyfe, MD. Incorporates several little-known, but common American botanicals.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Return to Nature! The True Natural Method of Healing and Living and the True Salvation of the Soul. Adolf Just. German text Kehrt zur Natur translated into English; becomes highly influential among US naturopaths. Published and translated by Benedict Lust with significant participation by Rev. Albert Stroebele. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM] [HK]
American School of Chiropractic and Nature Cure founded in Cedar Rapids, IA, by Solon Langworthy, DC. Key “mixer” chiropractic institution integrates elements of osteopathy and naturopathy; operated until 1918.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][PA]
Louis Blumer, DPs, ND, founds Blumer College of Natureopathy in Hartford, CT. Blumer also founded the Union Naturopathic Society; closed by state authorities, 1923.
1904
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
D.D. Palmer originates and promulgates the concept of Innate intelligence, distinguishing this ‘innate’ self-organizing property from the ‘educated’ aspects of the nervous system; the central principle of chiropractic.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Hans Jenny, MD (d. 1972). Swiss physician and natural scientist who researched acoustic effects of sound wave phenomena under name “cymatics” (Kymatics). In his photographs, film and books Jenny documented effects of sound vibrations on various materials to demonstrate how apparent chaos emerges into “a dynamic but ordered pattern.” Foundational research influences medical technology development, therapeutic sound therapy, and popular culture.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][DP]
Solon Langworthy, DC, first uses the term “subluxation.”
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Marsh School and Cure founded in Portland, OR, by John and Eva Marsh as chiropractic college; name changed to Pacific College of Chiropractic in 1909.
1905
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [LR][PL][AI]
History of Homoeopathy and Its Institutions in America (in four volumes). William Harvey King, MD, Editor. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Lectures on Homœopathic Materia Medica. James Tyler Kent, MD. Influential homeopathic teaching and clinical text that shapes the method, perspective and content of homeopathic practice worldwide during the 20th century.*
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Solon M. Langworthy, DC, and Daniel Reisland, DC, of Duluth, collaborated to establish licensing legislation for chiropractors in Minnesota. In response D.D. and B.J. Palmer unsuccessfully visited the governor to urge his veto of the statute, which would have permitted licensure of Langworthy’s graduates, but not the alumni of the Palmer School.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American School of Chiropractic founded by Benedict Lust in New York City, NY.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Carl Schultz, MD, ND, DO, DC, founds Naturopathic Institute and Sanitarium in Los Angeles, CA. School continues until charter suspended, 1951.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Oakley G. Smith, DC, founds Chicago College of Naprapathy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
William Charles Schulze, MD, DC, (d. 1936) directs the unincorporated American School of Mechano-Therapy.
1906
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Henry Lindlahr, MD, opens Lindlahr Sanitarium for Nature Cure and Osteopathy in Chicago, IL. Widely respected in-patient facility; provided “Natural Therapeutics” to patients with serious, complex, recalcitrant diseases. Lindlahr mapped out and expounded upon these clinical experiences in a series of publications that exert influence on discussion of principles, practices and models in the early 1900s and again starting in the late 20th century with the republication of his major books.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [GH][MC]
B.H. von Koenigswerder, Principal, delivers the first public naturopathic lecture on naturopathy in Australia at the Koenigswerder Naturopathic Institute in Brisbane; advertised in Brisbane Courier.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and proposes that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Modernized Chiropractic — Special Philosophy; A Distinct System. Oakley G. Smith, DC, Solon Langworthy, DC, and Minora Paxson, DC. First published book on chiropractic.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Practice of Medicine. Rolla L. Thomas, MD. Complete revision of John Milton Scudder’s 1866 teaching manual.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Science of Chiropractic: Its Principles and Adjustments. D.D. Palmer’s collected papers published by B.J. Palmer, without the former’s permission.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
“The Value of Hydrotherapy in the Treatment of Epilepsy.” G. Hinsdale, MD. JAMA.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][MC]
B.J. Palmer cofounds Universal Chiropractors’ Association (UCA) to organize DCs, provide legal services to arrested chiropractors.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Carver Chiropractic College founded in Oklahoma City, OK. Merges with Logan College in 1958.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA][AI]
John Noble, Jr., DC, ND (d. 1976). Graduate of Western States College, 1937, faculty member in naturopathic program there (1940s and 1950s); important in development of NCNM. After NCNM’s founding in 1956, became NCNM Business Administrator in 1958, a volunteer position. He was the business expert among the founders. The main campus moved to Seattle in 1958, but Dr. Noble maintained the official school administrative office at his clinic as the school was chartered in Oregon. He taught the 9-12 month extension program for chiropractors, who wished to earn an ND degree, most from Western States; at his clinic with night classes. One of three school representatives, including Drs. Bastyr and Boucher, who traveled to Kansas in 1973 to meet with Robert Broadwell, ND, and the President and Board of Emporia College to create an agreement for the Kansas program. His office was in the Postal Building downtown (the old Postal Telegraph Building); he died near the time the first Kansas class arrived in Portland to begin clinical training and classes. Dr. Broadwell worked with him, helped in the transition of creating the NCNM clinic in the same space. The extra year degree program for chiropractors continued for one to two years before they were integrated into the regular curriculum via transfer of credit.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
National School of Chiropractic founded in Davenport, IA, by John Fitzalan Howard, DC, included “mixer” therapeutics, MDs on faculty, emphasis on higher academic standards.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [GH]
The first use of a naturopath (Dr. Benno von Koenigswerder) as a recognized expert witness in an Australian court occurs in the Brisbane case Wallace v. Wallace in the Queensland legal system.
1907
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Ellingwood’s Therapeutist: A Monthly Journal of Direct Therapeutics. Finley T. Ellingwood, MD, publishes Volume 1, continuing until at least 1920. Premiere Eclectic botanical medicine periodical.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA][AI][AC]
Frederick W. Collins (d. 1948) graduates from American School of Naturopathy and shifts efforts to actively promoting naturopathic education and professional activity; generally antagonistic to licensure and regulation.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
János Hugo Bruno “Hans” Selye (d. 1982). Hungarian-Canadian endocrinologist, pioneers research into response of organisms to stressors, role of glucocorticoids (which he named) in the stress response; defined stress as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change” and differentiated “eustress” (beneficial stress) and distress (dys-stress). In landmark letter “A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents” (Nature, 1936) Selye introduced the General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.), renamed as the “stress response.” In 1930s-1940s, performed extensive structure-activity studies, resulting in the first rational classification of steroid hormones, e.g. corticoids, testoids/androgens, and folliculoids/estrogens. During those years, he recognized respective anti-and pro-inflammatory actions of gluco- and mineralocorticoids in animal models, several years before demonstration of pharmacological actions of cortisone and adrenocorticotrophic hormones in human patients.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Practical Naturopathic-Vegetarian Cook Book. Cooked and Uncooked Foods. Louisa Lust, ND.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
D.D. Palmer founds Palmer-Gregory College of Chiropractic in Oklahoma City, OK.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Working at Mayo Clinic, Henry Stanley Plummer develops the first structured patient record and clinical number.
1908
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Bernard Jensen, DC, ND, PhD (d. 2001). Respected for his writing and clinical work using iridology, colon hydrotherapy, fasting, reflexology, color therapy and other nature cure therapies. Jensen operated three sanitaria, influenced many natural medicine practitioners, promulgated self-care practices through his many popular books.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Hospital Medical College, Eclectic, founded in Atlanta, GA; closure, 1911.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PL][GH][MC]
Commenting upon the German Natural Health movement in Naturopath and Herald of Health, Benedict Lust writes after his 1907 travels through Europe: “I think America one day will lead the world in the healing art. Things will be done on a larger scale here than elsewhere as soon as we get proper legislation; America will go ahead very rapidly and be an example to other nations.”
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Sir Archibald Garrod observed that genetic errors of metabolism could be modified by diet; expressed during this era in naturopathic therapeutics and principles, and later influences naturopathic medicine, functional medicine and other systems.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Principles and Practices of Hydrotherapy: A Guide to the Application of Water in Disease for Students and Practitioners of Medicine. Simon Baruch, MD.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
Henry Lindlahr, MD, begins publishing Nature Cure magazine.
[PA]Professional Associations
Naturopathic Association of California organized, with Carl Schultz, MD, ND, as a central figure.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK]
D.D. Palmer founds D.D. Palmer College of Chiropractic, Portland, OR; publishes pioneering periodical The Chiropractor’s Adjuster. Becomes Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy in 1911.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy founded in Minneapolis, MN; later known as Minnesota Chiropractic College, until closure in 1946.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National School of Chiropractic relocates to Chicago, IL. Renamed National College of Chiropractic in 1920; absorbed Lindlahr School of Natural Therapeutics in 1926; hosted separately chartered National College of Drugless Physicians (1930-1952).
1909
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP][MC]
“Drugless Healing vs. Medicine in the U.S.” Eli G. Jones, MD. Wisconsin Medical Recorder. p.145-149.*
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Ernest Kjellberg establishes first Eclectic medicine and hydrotherapy clinic in Sydney, Australia.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Guide To The Twelve Tissue Remedies Of Biochemistry: The Cell-Salts, Biochemic, Or Schuessler Remedies. Edward Pollock Anshutz, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Daniel Drake and His Followers: Historical and Biographical Sketches, 1785-1909. Otto Juettner, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Food as a Medicine in the Cure of Disease. Milo E. Yergin, ND, and Harriette A. Yergin.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
John N. Ott, DSc (Hon.) (d. 2000). Published Health and Light: the Effects of Natural and Artificial Light on Man and Other Living Things (1973). Published research on healing and light therapy in International Journal for BioSocial Research. Introduced the term “malillumination” to describe the effects of light less than the full-spectrum of natural sunlight.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
John Raymond Christopher, ND (d. 1983). American naturopath and herbalist. After studying at Dominion Herbal College in Vancouver, BC he obtained a degree in Naturopathy (1948) at the Institute of Drugless Therapy in Tama, IA, and the Los Angeles Herbal Institute. Authored School of Natural Healing and other publications on herbs and natural medicine. His teachings and School of Natural Healing in Springville, UT, inspired and influenced more than one generation of botanical medicine practitioners during decades when opportunities to learn such therapies were rare. His formulations have been popular with lay self-prescribers for half a century.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Specific Diagnosis and Medications. John W. Fyfe, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Revolution in Medical Practice: A Treatise on Modern Curative Systems, Contrasted with Old School Methods. Louis Blumer, DPs, ND. Blumer founded the Blumer College of Natureopathy in Hartford, CT in 1903, and advocated grouping all therapies under three broad categories: “Psychological, Mechanical and Material,” thus introducing ‘the tripartite structure of chemical, mental, and physical’ which became widely used. [PM][AI] [link: http://iapsop.com/ssoc/1909__blumer___the_revolution_in_medical_practice.pdf]
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Scientific Natureopath. Louis Blumer, DPs, ND. Journal; continued until at least 1920.
[PA]Professional Associations
British Nature Cure Association (BNCA) founded.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL]
Oregon Association of Naturopaths founded in Portland, OR, with W.E. Mallory, J.H. Howard, J.D. Dunn, A. Bertschinger, and Philip T. Hall as officers. 1928, name changes to Oregon Naturopathic Association. In 1950, the name legally changed to Oregon Association of Naturopathic Physicians (OANP). Through its political activities influencing licensing and scope of practice in Oregon, and through alliances with W.A. Budden and mixer chiropractic leaders, and the regional and national alliances within the Cascadian bioregion (Pacific Northwest) and nationally, especially reformist elements in the ANA (from Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas), this state association will play an outsized role in shaping the institutional maturation of legal status, educational standards, and clinical practice in naturopathic medicine nationally and internationally.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
California becomes first state to pass licensure legislation (SB 26) for practice of naturopathic medicine. Effort led by Carl Schultz, MD, ND; repealed in 1914.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK]
Bernarr Macfadden founds Bernarr Macfadden Institute and School of Physcultopathy. Ralph Weiss, ND, DC, will be a notable graduate and Charles Atlas his most well-known student. Macfadden used “Physcultopathy” as his preferred (proprietary) nomenclature, in contrast to Lust’s proprietary “Naturopathy” even though Macfadden is regularly referred to as a member of the naturopathic community.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK]
Joseph Janse, DC, ND (d. 1985) Leader in chiropractic education and professional formation at National College in Illinois. Graduated National College of Drugless Physicians, 1937; champion of drugless physicians; authored “Philosophy of Drugless Therapy,” 1940.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
New Jersey/Mecca College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy, a.k.a. First National University of Naturopathy and Allied Sciences, Newark, NJ; F. W. Collins, President.
1910-1919
1910
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][LR][PA]
William Turska, ND (d. 1995). Influential eclectic naturopathic physician recognized and respected for diverse knowledge and skills; prolific writer; active politically in Oregon; pioneer in integrating herbal medicine, surgery, ozone, and other innovations into pragmatic eclectic practice during many years of practice in Astoria and Mist, OR.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Conquering Units, or, The Mastery of Disease. Riley, Joe Shelby Riley, MD, DO, ND, DC.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][CK][AI]]
Modern Physio-Therapy: A System of Drugless Therapeutic Methods; Including Chapters on X-Ray Diagnosis and Suggestions. Otto Juettner, MD, PhD. A pioneering text on physical medicine in clinical practice. originally published in 1910, later republished by Benedict Lust. Became a standard textbook for decades (until the publication of A.C. Johnson’s enduring text).*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Text-book of Osteopathy – From the Standpoint of Mechano-Therapy. American College of Mechano-Therapy.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
The Chiropractor’s Adjuster: The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic. Foundational text, chiropractic practice. D.D. Palmer, DC.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Practice of Medicine: with especial reference to the treatment of disease by remedies specifically directed to the exact indications exhibited by that disease in the case under treatment : designed for the many students and practitioners … Finley Ellingwood.*
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][PA][PL][MC]
Approximately 28,300 drugless practitioners practicing in the US, compared to forty thousand AMA members. About 17.6 million individuals from a total population of seventy million in the USA employed drugless practitioners; five million families of sixteen million subscribed to “irregular” medicine. (Eli G. Jones, “Drugless Healing vs. Medicine in the U.S.,” Wisconsin Medical Recorder. 1909:145-149.)
[PA]Professional Associations [HK][PA]
James Tyler Kent, MD, and others establish the Society of Homeopathicians to teach homeopathy and publish the journal The Homeopathician.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PM][MC]
The National League for Medical Freedom formed by Benjamin O. Flower in New York to protect the practice rights of drugless physicians, particularly to oppose a bill introduced by Sen. Robert L. Owen to create a national health department aligned with Regular MDs. Published Medical Freedom from 1911 to 1916. Organization ceased operations ca. 1917.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
First Report of the National League for Medical Freedom. A. Harsch.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
Anti-Vaccination League of America founded.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [AI][MC]
Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Bulletin Number Four. Abraham Flexner. Commonly known as The Flexner Report, this study was commissioned by the Carnegie Foundation in response to a request by AMA Council on Medical Education (CME). Until The Flexner Report reordered institutional medicine the academic and clinical significance of an M.D. degree was inconsistent, unreliable and often overinflated. Under the banner of reform, rationalism, and modernism, this landmark document became pivotal in determining standards for medical education, particularly eligibility for philanthropic and government funding. Major institutional bifurcation occurs between conventional MDs and other medical professions as AMA school of thought and conventional therapeutics dominate through monopoly and political suppression. *
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
National League for Medical Freedom “established on 15 May 1910 in New York City to consolidate campaigns against allopathic medicine and psychotherapeutics, state intervention in hygiene, and a monopoly that the AMA seemingly had on individual and public health through compulsory medicine (e.g., examinations, inspections, medication, vaccinations) and animal and human vivisection”. Benjamin O. Flower, President. “The alarm was sounded,” NLMF Secretary Arthur Harsch similarly reported, “to the Homeopaths, the Eclectics, the Osteopaths, the Christian Scientists and other schools of Healing, the members of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vivisection Society. Enrollments and funds poured in by the tens of thousands.” and five million leaflets and pamphlets were mailed out from the New York office. Over five hundred men and women participated in the speaker’s bureau, delivering talks and lectures without salary or pay. Branch offices, established in thirty-two states, were especially active in Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. (Petrina, S. “Medical Liberty: Drugless Healers Confront Allopathic Doctors, 1910-1931.” J Med Humanit. 2008, 29, 205-230.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Henry Lindlahr, MD, founds Lindlahr College of Nature Cure and Osteopathy which offered Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) and Doctor of Natural Therapeutics (DNT) degrees, in Chicago, IL. Succeeded by the Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics in 1918. LCNT officially dissolved involuntarily by the State of Illinois in 1930.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Nebraska Medical College, Eclectic, founded in Lincoln, NE. Closure, 1911.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy, Newark, NJ, founded by F. W. Collins, MD, AM, PhC, President. In 1917, in association with Francis W. Allen, renamed as Mecca College of Chiropractic, a.k.a. New Jersey College of Chiropractic, operational until 1943; a.k.a. First National College of Naturopathy and Allied Sciences. (1926-1930).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Northwestern College of Naturopathy founded in Minneapolis, MN. Closure date unknown. (American Journal of Physiologic Therapeutics, Sept. 1910, 128).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
St. Louis College of Naturopathy founded in Missouri. Opens during the decade of 1910s but specific year unknown; closure date unknown.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PL]
John D. Rockefeller hires Frederick Gates to run his Foundation which subsequently made philanthropic contributions of around $500 million during the first 30 years of the 20th century. Rockefeller intended that half of all donations given to medical schools would be directed to homeopathic medical schools; however, this policy was not implemented and no such donations ever given. It is not known how much Gates deceived him or whether Rockefeller was complicit. Paradoxically, it is known that Rockefeller used homeopathic MDs as his family physicians and spoke of homeopathy as “a progressive and aggressive step” in medicine. (Private correspondence with Dana Ullman, author of The Homeopathic Revolution: Why Famous People and Cultural Heroes Choose Homeopathy.)
1911
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
American Drugless Healer. Ed., Joe Shelby Riley, DO, DC, ND, et al. Periodical. First published by the American Chiropractic Association (headquartered in Oklahoma City, OK).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Cancer: Its Causes, Symptoms and Treatment: Giving the Results of over Forty Years’ Experience in the Medical Treatment of this Disease. Eli G. Jones, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Definite Medication: Containing Therapeutic Facts Gleaned from Forty Years Practice. Eli G. Jones, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Encyclopedia of Physical Culture. (1911-1933) Bernarr Macfadden. Eight-volume set, published by Physical Culture Publishing Company, one of first works promoting fitness and exercise as expression, enhancer of health as well as raw food diet and fasting as part of the comprehensive system of Physcultopathy or Physical Culture; foundational in later emergence of physical fitness and dietary awareness and practices.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
History of the Vegetable Drugs of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States; with Portraits of Charles Rice and Joseph P. Remington. John Uri Lloyd.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Blood: Blood and Its Third Anatomical Element. Antoine Béchamp, MD, PhD; published posthumously. First published in France, later translated into English in 1912 by Montague R. Leverson, MD. Influential scientific presentation on the microzyma, proposed sub-microscopic organisms present in pathological processes.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][HK]
Charles A. Sampson, ND, HD, becomes editor for “Physical Department” in Lust’s The Naturopath and Herald of Health, followed, in 1913, by Joseph Barth as Editor of “Physical Culture Department” and, in 1915, Paul von Boeckmann as new Editor of the “Physio-Culture Section”; as part of strategic alliance between naturopaths and Physical Culture movement.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][HK]
Pierre-Valentin Marchesseau (d. 1994). Biologist and key formulator and founder of Naturopathy in France; later influential in Québec and Latin American countries. He would found the Federation of Naturopathy (1940), create the first French school of Naturopathy in Paris (1950), and author an extensive series of Livret titles on various health topics.* [https://archive.org/details/marchesseaudietethique2_202001/].
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
National League for Medical Freedom: A Brief History of Federal Health Legislation, 1878-1911. New York, NY: National League for Medical Freedom.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Pennsylvania state government regulates practice of “Drugless Therapy,” including naturopaths.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Los Angeles College of Chiropractic (LACC) founded by Charles Cale, DC, in Los Angeles, CA; broadened to include naturopathy. C. Schultz, key activist. Ceased granting ND degrees before 1958, date unknown. Influential school and community; currently an influential, interprofessional chiropractic college as part of Southern California University of Health Sciences (SCU), under leadership of President John Scaringe, DC, EdD, 2018.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Oregon Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy founded by John E. LaValley, DC, in Portland, OR. Closure 1913 through merger with Pacific Chiropractic College, predecessor of Western States College.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
F.W. Collins founds United States School of Naturopathy (a.k.a. First National University of Chiropractic and Naturopathy) in Newark, NJ. Renamed First National University of Naturopathy, 1916.
1912
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
173 homeopathic hospitals operating with average size of 175 beds; largest was Milwaukee Orphan Asylum, Milwaukee, WI.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP][PL][LR][AI]
John B. Bastyr, SP, DC, ND (d. 1995). Beloved family physician, leader in modern naturopathic profession’s re-emergence, respected for his pragmatic, eclectic and warm-hearted approach to therapeutics and patient care during more than 50 years of practice in Seattle, Washington; initially trained and licensed as a Sanipractor, often considered an exemplar of the multidisciplinary modern naturopathic physician embodying a synthesis of tradition and innovation, empiricism and inspiration, philosophy and science; healing presence, “always touch your patients.” He also observed: “Naturopathy is one part science, one part art, and one part politics.”
[PA]Professional Associations
John Lydon founds Washington Association of Drugless Physicians, Inc. in Spokane, WA.
[PA]Professional Associations [DP]
John Lydon secures copyright on the name and definition of “Sanipractic”.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
The Portuguese Public Institutions recognizes the Portuguese Society of Naturology; not specifically naturopathy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic School of Medicine of Milton University founded in Baltimore, MD. Renamed Eastern University School of Medicine, 1913. Renamed Maryland College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 1914; lost recognition in 1915.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
New England College of Chiropractic founded in Boston, MA by J.S. Riley.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Washington School of Chiropractic founded in Boston, MA. Acquired by J.S. Riley, 1914.
1913
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][AI]
William Babnick, ND (d. 1999). Graduate of National College of Drugless Physicians (1945), practiced and taught naturopathic obstetrics at NCNM; delivered 8000+ babies. Exemplary in his enthusiasm for exercise and fitness throughout life.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Progressive Spondylotherapy: A Summary of New Clinico-Physiologic and Reflexologic Data, with an Appendix on the Physiological Physics of the Various Forms of Force. Albert Abrams, MD. Physical medicine technique used clinically by practitioners of many professions into the 21st century.*
[CK]Codification [PM][HK][DP]
Henry Lindlahr, MD, authors and publishes Nature Cure: Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure (eventually 4 vols.). Landmark text synthesized and codified clinical theory of Natural Therapeutics by integrating preceding principles and practice lineages including laws of nature, disease causation model, ‘catechism of nature cure,’ ‘five step return to nature’ into multidisciplinary system of nature cure practice. Diverse influences, including Hippocrates’ ’coction,’ homeopathic theory, Kuhne’s Unity of Disease theory, and Tilden’s ‘toxemia.’ While respected during Lindlahr’s lifetime, these texts were not part of standard curriculum beyond his school and did not remain core when that institution was assimilated into National College. However, they became more influential during the formative phase of the 1970s renaissance in naturopathic medical education after Jocelyn Proby, DO, edited and C.W. Daniel republished the series amidst a lack of available texts by other key practitioners of early 20th century naturopathy.
[PA]Professional Associations
American Association of United Drugless Physicians founded in CA.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
“Medical Sectarianism.” John B. Nichols. JAMA. 60(5), pp. 331-336.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
“National Health and Medical Freedom: Both Sides of a Question of Public Interest,” Benjamin O. Flower. Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. 85, pp. 512-513.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
California University of Liberal Physicians chartered in Los Angeles, CA. Later known as Emerson University. Closes before 1948, date unknown.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Pacific Chiropractic College founded in Portland, OR; acquired by William A. Budden, DC, in 1929; becomes Western States Chiropractic College in 1932 under Budden.
1914
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Benedict and Louisa Lust found Yungborn Sanitarium in Butler, FL. Modeled after Adolf Just’s renowned Jungborn Sanitarium (Eckert, Germany, 1895). “Shortly after they met, Louisa and Benedict, with the help of her brother, Father Albert, established the Butler Yungborn… Louisa was the leading financial partner in this enterprise. Benedict once said she owned the health resort at Butler long before we were married.” [Collins, 1924; pg. 659; in Nature Doctors, Kirchfeld and Boyle, pg. 221]
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Bernarr Macfadden opens Healthatorium in Chicago, IL.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [GH]
Frederick Roberts establishes naturopathic clinics in Victoria and Tasmania. Claude Beal establishes naturopathic practice in Brisbane, Australia.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Chiropractor. D.D. Palmer, DC.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PL][MC]
The Medical Question: The Truth About Official Medicine and Why We Must Have Medical Freedom. A. A. Erz.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Ohio State University College of Homeopathic Medicine, Columbus, OH, forms through transfer of Cleveland-Pulte Medical College of Cleveland to Ohio State University. Closure, 1922.
1915
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
“Who are Eclectic Physicians?” A.H. Collins, MD. National Eclectic Medical Association Quarterly, Vol. 7, 1915-16, ed. William Nelson Mundy, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy: developing the latest acquired knowledge of drugs, and especially of the direct action of single drugs upon exact conditions of disease, with especial reference to the therapeutics of the plant drugs of the Americas. Finley Ellingwood, MD, and John Uri Lloyd, PhrM, PhD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Health and Efficiency (The Health Series of Physiology and Hygiene). M.V. O’Shea and John Harvey Kellogg, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Neuropathy Illustrated; The Philosophy and Practical Application of Drugless Healing, Amply Illustrated and Explained. Andrew P. Davis, MD, ND, OphD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Helper in Distress by Dr. Benedict Lust’s School of Diets. Benedict Lust. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Nature Cure Cook Book and ABC of Natural Dietetics. Anna Lindlahr and Henry Lindlahr, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Raw Food Table by Dr. Benedict Lust’s School of Diets, for the art of nourishment, the art of breathing, and the training of thought. Benedict Lust.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Vitality Supreme. Bernarr Macfadden.*
[PA]Professional Associations
Drugless Physicians Association forms in Ontario, Canada. Dissolved in 1952.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR]
California statutes amended to provide for “drugless practitioner” license under the medical board (Smallie, 1990)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Benedict Lust establishes department of chiropractic at his school in New York City.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Kansas City College of Medicine and Surgery, founded in Kansas City, MO, offshoot of Eclectic Medical University; not recognized by Missouri State Board of Health.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
National School of Chiropractic ceases its correspondence course in movement toward more robust standards of medical education.
1916
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][PL][AI][AC]
Joseph A. Boucher, DC, ND (d. 1987). Inspiring teacher, model, advocate of naturopathic medicine. Graduated from Western States. Participated in founding NCNM. Served as President of the Association of Naturopathic Physicians of British Columbia (1981-1982) and as its secretary. Served in parallel roles for the Canadian Naturopathic Association (now CAND).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Genius and Eugenics. Edward Earle Purinton. Publ. Benedict Lust.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
New Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment: Physico-Clinical Medicine, the Practical Application of the Electronic Theory in the Interpretation and Treatment of Disease, with an Appendix on New Scientific Facts. Albert Abrams, MD. Pioneering and controversial work in electronic diagnosis and treatment; later applied clinically by naturopaths and other drugless physicians until actively suppressed by the authorities. *
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][PL][MC]
Robert V. Carroll, ND, Jr. (d. 1982) Seattle naturopath, served for many years as Trustee of National Association of Naturopathic Physicians, including during NANP’s creation of its Report on Naturopathy (1970) to the US Government. The Report was submitted at request of Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) in 1968, for use in HEW study to determine feasibility of including services of licensed naturopathic practitioners performing medical services in independent practice (in Part B, Title XVIII, Social Security Act). Contemporary of Dr. John Bastyr, known for success with complex conditions, eclectic practice, individualized formulations, physical medicine; expertise with electronic diagnostic instruments, diathermy, ultrasound, sine wave, Tesla devices, and Samuels Technique.
1917
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Abram Hoffer, PhD, MD (d. 2009). Developer of Orthomolecular Medicine. Internationally recognized physician, researcher and pioneer in the natural treatment of mental illness. Major influence on naturopathic approach to and body of knowledge concerning nutritional therapies, care of people with psychiatric symptoms.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Efficiency in Drugless Healing: A Manual of Modern Therapeutic Ideas. Edward E. Purinton. Publ., B. Lust.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Initis: Or, Nutrition and Exercises, Congestion of the Connective Tissues; on Some Frequently Found Symptoms which Interfere with the Usefulness of Human Life; Their Seat in the Coverings of Muscles, Nerves and Bones and in the Ligaments of Joints, Their Origin in Mal-nutrition; and Their Treatment by Diet, Massage and Self-movements of the Affected Parts Under Pressure. Andrea Carlo Francisco Rabagliati, MD. Proposed that connective tissue congestion played a significant part in the etiology of dysfunction and disease. [“Initis” – defined as inflammation within a voluntary muscle]. [2nd. Ed. 1930.]*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
On Growth and Form. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, Scottish mathematical biologist.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
Neo-Naturopathy: The New Science of Healing or the Doctrine of Unity of Diseases. Louis Kuhne. Publ., B. Lust.*
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Chicago College of Naturopathy founded in Chicago, IL. Dissolved in 1937.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National Eclectic Institute founded in West Hoboken, NJ. Closed in 1923.
1918
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][PL][LR]
Ralph R. Weiss, ND, DC (d. 2015). Student of Benedict Lust at American College, as one of seven students. Also studied with F.W. Collins at American College of Naturopathy (graduated 1942) and B. Macfadden. Practiced in Chicago, IL, 1937 to 1949, then practiced in Medford, OR, from 1949 to 2005. Helped Oregon evolve profession as primary care physicians. OR Board of Examiners member through five OR governors; established first naturopathic formulary and first to challenge and win DEA privileges as an ND. Recognized for homeopathy, physical medicine acupuncture, live-field microscopy, iridology, hypnosis, and radiesthesia. Close friend, colleague, and physician to Edgar Cayce. The Reluctant Healer (2013), written by Dr. Steven Bailey, describes Dr. Weiss’ life, practice and contributions.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][GH]
First Universal Naturopathic Encyclopedia, Directory and Buyer’s Guide: A Yearbook of Drugless Therapy. (Ed., Benedict Lust). (Publ., American Naturopathy Association in New York City, NY). First “international” naturopathic compilation, the epitome of Lust’s early ‘big tent’ Therapeutic Universalism, featuring Lust-framed diversity amidst content from naturopaths in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, the UK, Venezuela and US. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
How I Became Acquainted with Nature Cure. Henry Lindlahr, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Natura Hygia. A Text Book for Healing and Regeneration by Natural Agents and Diagnosis. Jose Honoratio Ferreira, ND. Influential in Portugal.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics, as reorganized in September 1918, explicitly synthesized osteopathy, allopathy, homeopathy and physio-medical traditions in offering a four-year (24 months) program toward Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) and Doctor of Natural Therapeutics (DNT) degrees. Operated “in affiliation” with Howard College of Chiropractic with which it shared facilities, as well as hospital privileges at Cook County Hospital. With declining enrollment and in financial distress, the “Natural Therapeutics” program became aligned with, but not legally part of, National College of Chiropractic (NCC) in 1926, under an agreement between Victor Lindlahr, DO, and William Charles Schulze, president of NCC. In 1930 the program was amalgamated into the newly incorporated National College of Drugless Physicians, affiliated with but separately chartered from NCC. LCNT was officially dissolved involuntarily by the State of Illinois in 1930.
[AC]Academic Accreditation [PL][LR][AI][AC][MC]
Medical Colleges of the United States and of Foreign Countries. Publ., Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of AMA. Inspects and evaluates schools to set standards for conventional medical education.
1919
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
James Lovelock, originator of the Gaia Hypothesis (now Gaia Theory). Published works include Gaia: a new look at life on Earth (1979); The Ages of Gaia (1988); Gaia: the practical science of planetary medicine (1991), and The Revenge of Gaia (2006). Key role in emerging understanding of complex biological systems and self-regulatory processes of interrelationships within the Earth as a living organism.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
“Serological Differences between the Blood of Different Races: The Results of Researches on the Macedonian Front.” L. Hirszfeld, H. Hirszfeld. Lancet.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Iridiagnosis and Other Diagnostic Methods. Henry Lindlahr, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Science And Practice of Chiropractic with Allied Sciences. Joe Shelby Riley, MD, DO, DC, ND. *
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [HK]
Philosophy of Natural Therapeutics. Henry Lindlahr, MD.*
[PA]Professional Associations
Benedict Lust leads the founding of American Naturopathic Association (ANA), after dissolving Naturopathic Society of America, due to its insolvency. Lust elected President for Life in 1921.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][AC]
Washington State Legislature enacts Drugless Healers Act; allows licensing of drugless practitioners including “sanipractors, naturopaths, mechanotherapists, others.” Five certificates issued under “separate and coordinate systems of drugless practice” including mechanotherapy, “suggestive therapy, food science, physcultopathy, and any other separate and coordinate system of drugless practice” with two seats on the Regulatory Board, to certified by the Washington Association of Drugless Physicians. Naturopaths were also commonly registered as sanipractors until WA State began licensing naturopaths as such in 1957. The scholarly work of historian James C. Whorton, PhD, at the University of Washington School of Medicine, brought together a pioneering coherence to the story of sanipractic and other schools of drugless medicine in historically influential Washington state and surrounding region of Cascadia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American School of Naturopathy in New York City re-chartered in District of Columbia as American School of Chiropractic.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American University of Sanipractic chartered in Seattle, WA, by John E. Lydon and Mary Huntley Lydon; first students enrolled January 1920; lists 27-month program; closes 1925 amidst controversy.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
Edinburgh School of Natural Therapeutics (ESNT) founded by James C. Thomson, ND, a graduate of Lindlahr’s college. First training college in the United Kingdom to provide a four-year, full-time curriculum.
1920
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP][CK]
Frederick W. Collins, MD, ND, DO, DC, and others introduce the ‘Universal Naturopathic Tonic Treatment’ (UNTT), constitutional manual therapy approach involving 5- to 7-minute series of movements developed through round table discussions by group of prominent manual therapy practitioners; designed to mobilize most major joints and articulations of the body. Popularized in E.W. Cordingley’s Principles and Practice of Naturopathy: A Compendium of Natural Healing (1925).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
An Epitome of Hydrotherapy for Physicians, Architects and Nurses. Simon Baruch, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Cure of Imperfect Sight by Treatment Without Glasses. W.H. Bates, MD.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
The Practice of Natural Therapeutics. Henry Lindlahr, MD.*
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR]
Association of Naturopathic Physicians of British Columbia (ANPBC) founded; British Columbia, Canada regulatory board and provincial association.
[PA]Professional Associations
German heilpraktikers organize and form the Verband der Heilkundigen Deutschlands in Essen; renamed Großverband der Heilpraktiker Deutschlands (Great Association of the Healing Practitioners of Germany) in 1928. Heilpraktikers had established 22 organizations by 1931.
[PA]Professional Associations
In March naturopathic doctors Lee Holder, James Perrin, Frank Dorchester, (Mr. and Mrs.) Moore, W. Castes, Arno Kruger, Everly Rogers, Marshall and Arthur Dennis, and other early practitioners gathered in a first meeting which decided to form the Association of Naturopathic Physicians of British Columbia (ANPBC).
[PA]Professional Associations [GH]
National Herbalists Association of New South Wales, Australia, founded; naturopaths constitute up to 90% of initial members and has represented naturopaths in Australia since. Established through merger of the New South Wales Union of Herbalists and the Medico-Botanic Eclectic Association NSW. In 1952, becomes National Herbalists Association of Australia merging with Queensland Association of Herbalists and South Australian Herbal Association. In 2016, name changes to Naturopaths and Herbalists Association of Australia.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Connecticut State licenses naturopathic doctors, SB 121.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
American College of Naturopathy advertises “Home Study Course” and “Practical Residence Course…1, 2, 3 and 4 year courses” in Naturopath and Herald of Health, October 1920, p. 422. Lust’s well-received correspondence course, the distance learning of that day, epitomized the state of much of medical education at smaller schools, usually proprietary in ownership and style, before Flexner’s Report rippled through medical education and funding and the nationwide movement shifted away from privately-owned schools to not-for-profit colleges in the US.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Western College (School) of Chiropractic founded in San Francisco, CA, by Nusbaum; continues until 1923 when name changes to Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy. Closure 1927. (SRI, 1960, p. 215)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
192? Lincoln College of Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons founded in Indianapolis, IN. Operating as of 1948.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
192? Missouri Institute of Naturopathy founded in St. Louis, MO. Closure date unknown.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
192? National University of Therapeutics founded in Washington, D.C. by Joe Shelby Riley and Hallan Parker. Closure date unknown; pre-1943.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
192? Naturopathic College and Hospital of Philadelphia, PA.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
Fredrick W. Collins nominated by Benedict Lust to run for President of the United States as Constitutional Liberty League’s candidate with emphasis on “Medical Liberty”.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
League for the Conservation of Public Health chapters established in states of Washington and Oregon to advocate for conventional medical profession monopoly and suppression of drugless practitioners.
1921
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Harold Dick, DC, ND (d. 1994). Graduate of last ND class at Western States College and student of Otis G. Carroll, ND, SP. Inspired by Dr. Carroll’s cure of his brother; practiced in Spokane, Washington; developed combination of dietetics, constitutional hydrotherapy, homeopathy and botanicals; particularly renowned for effectiveness in treating patients with difficult conditions.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
“Homeopathy in Influenza: A Chorus of Fifty in Harmony.” W.A Dewey. Journal of American Institute of Homeopathy. (pp. 1038-1043.) Clinical retrospective reviewing adverse effects of aspirin in contrast to effectiveness of homeopathic Gelsemium, Bryonia and Ferrum phosphoricum during influenza epidemic of 1918-19.*
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA]
Paul Carton, MD, (1875-1947). French physician, naturopath, advocate of “naturist vegetarianism,” and translator of the Hippocratic Corpus, creates the Societe Naturiste Francaise’ (French Naturist Society), and, in 1922, launches the journal La Revue Naturiste (The Naturist Review). Often considered the founder of Nature Cure methods in France, he attributed his recovery from tuberculosis to naturopathy and ascetic vegetarian practices. He is credited with authoring forty books and his dietary principles became known as Cartonianism. Along with Jacques Demarquette and the Durville brothers, he was a leading advocate of naturopathy during early 20th-century France.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Guide to Health. Mohandas K. Gandhi. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Chemical Diagnosis: Biochemistry. Victor G. Rocine.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and demonstrates that its absence causes rickets.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Foods and Chemicals: The science of correct foods for each of the 19 constitutions of mankind … as discovered by Victor G. Rocine being systematically …. Victor G. Rocine. Nutritional system used by Leo Verbon, W.H. Pyott, Bernard Jensen and other prominent NDs.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin.
[PA]Professional Associations
The Nature Cure Association of Great Britain and Ireland forms in United Kingdom with James C. Thomson, ND, Stanley Lief, ND, Milton Powell, ND, co-founders.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Amendment to British Columbia Medical Act allows practice of naturopathy and chiropractic. Sanipractors from Washington State seek recognition in British Columbia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Sierra States University, chartered in San Francisco, CA, maintains colleges of naturopathy, chiropractic, physical therapy, psychology, and allied subjects; graduates 200 naturopaths/chiropractors. Closes naturopathic program in 1963; one of the last remaining naturopathic colleges operating after the closure of the Western States program.
1922
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Richard Stober, DC, ND (d. 1988). Graduate of Western States College, 1950, DC; 1951, ND; known for bilateral nasal specific technique of cranial manipulation.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Autointoxication or Intestinal Toxemia. John H. Kellogg, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PL][MC]
Drugless America journal first published in Seattle, WA.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Fundamentals of Nature Cure. Shelton’s landmark first book; self-published; reissued as An Introduction to Natural Hygiene. Herbert M. Shelton, DC, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Mucusless Diet Healing System and Rational Fasting: Regeneration Diet and Natural Cure for All Diseases. Arnold Ehret. Translated into English.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA]
Sanipractic Physician. Publ. American Association of United Drugless Physicians and Washington Association of Sanipractic Physicians. Seattle, WA. Ceases 1924.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Harvey Wickes Felter, MD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][PA]
The Sanipractic Magazine first published in Seattle, WA; closed 1924.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][CK]
American Naturopathy Association publishes Proclamation for the 26th Annual Convention of the N.Y. and N.J. State Societies of Naturopaths, Accredited Sections of The American Naturopathic Association. Formative “Proclamation” The Naturopath and the Herald of Health. (B. Lust). ANA defines Naturopathy’s modalities as “majors”: air, light, water, food, physical culture, and mind; and “minors”: mechanotherapy, psychotherapy, electrotherapy, physiotherapy, phytotherapy, biochemistry, and orificial therapy; includes Natural Living.
[PA]Professional Associations
American Chiropractic Association founded; includes straight and mixer chiropractors but excludes applicants with only correspondence school diplomas. Merges with Universal Chiropractors’ Association to become National Chiropractic Association, 1930; became the modern American Chiropractic Association, 1963.
[PA]Professional Associations
American Sanipractic Association forms in Washington state. Definitive study published by James C. Whorton, PhD, as Drugless Healing in the 1920s: The Therapeutic Cult of Sanipractic (1986).
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][PA][PL][AI]
Frank G. Spaulding, ND, DC (d. 2012). Activist and NCNM cofounder.
[PA]Professional Associations
Washington State Association of Sanipractic Physicians founded. By 1925, over 400 sanipractors in Washington State.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
College of Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons founded in Los Angeles, CA. Charter suspended in 1955.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [AC]
1920± Metropolitan College of Chiropractic founded in Cleveland, OH. Along with National College in Chicago, Metropolitan will take the initiative in introducing curricula which exceeded the 18-month limit insisted upon by B.J. Palmer, eventually pioneering four-year degree programs. Will cease operations as an independent entity in 1948 and its registry and alumni affiliated with the National College of Chiropractic.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Universal Sanipractic College founded in Seattle, WA. Later renamed Northwest Drugless Institute.
1923
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Leo M. Scott, ND (d. 2004). Student of O.G. Carroll, influential practitioner of nature cure and constitutional hydrotherapy in Washington State. Authored professional texts and health pamphlets.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner. John H. Kellogg, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][CK][PA][PL][LR]
“Let Us Standardize the Practice of Naturopathy.” E.W. Cordingley, ND, DNSc. Naturopath and Herald of Health, Nov, 684-687. Cordingley generally remained antagonistic to licensure and regulation. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Blood-Washing Method. Benedict Lust, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
New Dietetics: A Guide to Scientific Feeding in Health and Disease. John H. Kellogg, MD. (Revised edition) *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Thus Speaketh The Stomach: Germinating Center of All Disease. Arnold Ehret. *
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
The Adelaide Advertiser (South Australia’s newspaper of record) publishes an editorial column in support of use of the professional title ‘doctor’ (Doctor of Naturopathy) by naturopathic practitioners, as the only protected title was “MD.”
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [DP][PL][MC]
California court decision “Defining and Clarifying the Practice of Naturopathy.”
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
The province of British Columbia enacts The Medical Act which names “allopaths, osteopaths, naturopaths” as “legally qualified medical practitioners, physicians with privileges and responsibilities, granted upon being registered on the British Columbia Medical Register, including the right to “practice Medicine,” the exclusive right to use the title “doctor,” to sign medical certificates, to work in hospitals and public service, and to recover payment for their services in court.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
192? New Jersey licensure (Naturopath and Herald of Health, 1924) (details unverified).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
192? West Virginia licensure (Naturopath and Herald of Health, 1924) (details unverified).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Natural Healing Arts founded in Denver, CO, with Colleges of Chiropractic, Naturopathy, Physical Therapy; a.k.a. Colorado Chiropractic University. Homer G. Beatty, DC, ND, President, influential figure regionally and nationally; ally of Robert V. Carroll, Sr., A.R. Hedges, W.A. Budden, and Henry J. Schlichting. Closure 1950.
1924
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Harry M. Hoxsey, ND, opens first clinic in Illinois.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Naturopathic Method of Reducing Dislocations after the Great French Physician LeGrange. Frederick W. Collins, DC, ND. Publ., United States School of Naturopathy.*
[PA]Professional Associations
American Drugless Association (ADA) founded in Indianapolis, IN.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Directory of Physicians and Surgeons, Naturopaths, Drugless Practitioners, Chiropodists, Midwives Holding Certificates Issued Under the Medical Practice Acts of the State of California. Drugless Practitioner and ND were the only licensing options available to chiropractic doctors prior to 1924 (the Board of Chiropractic Examiners established by the 1922 Chiropractic Practice Act came into existence in 1924).*
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][LR]
Philadelphia College of Naturopathy registered; operations contested.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PL][LR] [AI][AC][MC]
Morris Fishbein, MD, (d. 1976) succeeds George Simmons as editor of JAMA; became an ardent advocate of conventional medicine and harshest critic of the many traditions and schools of drugless medicine and other schools of natural therapeutics. Hugely influential in establishing the market dominance, exclusivist branding and public image of the AMA and orthodox medicine’s professional institutions and allies; also edited JAMA’s ironically named popular magazine Hygeia. After retiring from AMA became a lobbyist for the tobacco industry.
1925
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Ken Peterson, DC, ND (1925-2020). Practices in Hermiston, OR. Awarded recognition as Oregon’s longest continuously practicing naturopathic physician in 2010.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
William Kelley, DDS, MS (d. 2005) develops Kelley Cancer Therapy, metabolic cancer therapy.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP][CK] [PA]
“The Two Brands of Naturopathy.” E.W. Cordingley, ND, DNSc. Naturopath and Herald of Health, pp. 878-879. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Health via Nature: The Health Book for the Layman. Harry Finkel, ND, DC.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
J.B.S. (John Burdon Sanderson) Haldane gives a mathematically superior derivation of the 1913 Michaelis-Menten equation, still the mainstay of enzyme kinetics in biochemistry.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA][PL][MC]
Nature Cure and Medical Freedom. Pioneering Australian naturopathic medical journal, is launched with Harry Clark-Nikola, Adelaide naturopathic physician, as the initial editor, under the auspices of The Association of Botanic, Medical and Naturopathic Practitioners Inc., South Australia.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Nature’s Path, monthly journal for lay people, first published by Benedict Lust, continues until 1953.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][CK]
Principles and Practice of Naturopathy: A Compendium of Natural Healing. Ernest William Cordingley, AM, PhD, ND. Comprehensive clinical guide. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Mind and its Place in Nature. C.D. Broad. Presents argument that emergent materialism is the most likely solution to the mind-body problem.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
This Book is Mine: The Harmony Feeding System. Milo E. Yergin, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations
The Nature Cure Society of Great Britain incorporated. In 1963 The General Council and Register of Naturopaths (GCRN) would succeed it as the leading independent registering body for Naturopaths in the United Kingdom.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PM][LR][AC]
First Basic Science Act passed in Wisconsin and Minnesota, requiring all medical practitioners to pass a standardized basic science exam to obtain medical license; 23 states later pass similar laws; the law was intended to suppress drugless practitioner licensing; however, many extant drugless practitioner curricula had incorporated basic sciences in their training. William Budden of Western States later continued to champion DC and ND academic rigor.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Board of Drugless Practitioners (BDP) founded in Ontario, Canada. Predecessor of Board of Directors of Drugless Therapy – Naturopathy (BDDT-N).
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Hawaii (US territory) licensed, Act 77 SB 46.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Ontario province regulated under Drugless Practitioners Act, including naturopaths and other drugless medicine professions (chiropractic, massage, other). Revised: Drugless Practitioners Act, R.S.O. 1927, Chapter 200, Sec[t]ion 3, and amendments.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
192? Georgia licensure. (details unverified).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [GH]
Dr. Shibvnath Ray opens Indian College of Naturopathy, first Indian naturopathic college, in Kolkata.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][GH]
José Castro Blanco, ND, (1890-1981), a graduate of Lust’s American School of Naturopathy, and Nicolas Capo co-found Spain’s first naturopathic school in Barcelona. Upon returning to Spain in 1922 Castro Blanco combines what he had learned in the U.S. with local traditional practices to create a clinical system of “Iberian naturopathic thought” as practiced in his clinic in Valencia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National College of Naturopathy registered in Cedar Rapids, IA. (Documentation lacking.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National University of Therapeutics registered in Washington, DC. (Documentation lacking.) Closed 1943.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
San Francisco College of Chiropractic and Drugless Physicians founded in San Francisco, CA. Closure 1946.
1926
[HK] Heritage and Knowledge Base [HK][DP]
Medical historian Arturo Castiglioni (1874-1953) introduces the term “Neo-Hippocratism” in the midst of a resurgence of the Hippocratic legacy applied through a holistic, humoral model using a rational and methodical method of seeing the body as a whole. Bernard Aschner wrote: “Hippocratic medicine was essentially synthetic, cosmic, constitutional, humoral, biological, dynamic, and artistic, helping the self-healing power of nature, (physis) to a large extent by appropriate medical treatment. In Germany Bier, Koch, Honigmann, Liek and Sauerbruch, in England Cawadias, in France Allendy, Delore, Laignel Lavastine, moreover Collin with his book “Retour à Hippocrate” and finally the foundation of the Société Internationale Hippocratique by the faculty of Paris (of which I myself was elected a member of the committee), are signs of this steadily increasing movement.“ (Aschner, B. (1941). “Neo-Hippocratism in everyday practice,” Bull Hist Med. 10(2):262.) “Neo-Hippocratism is founded on the conception of the integration, of the ‘wholeness’ of the human body. an integrated whole. Thus, diagnosis and treatment refer to the whole individual.” Examining a human in their entirety “considers all medical and or internistic therapeutic agents – psychical, dietetic, chemical, biological, and physical – and applies them according to the indications of the individual patient under severe control of the continuous diagnosis of the person.” (Cawadias, A.P. (1931). “Neo-Hippocratism”. British Medical Journal. 2 (3696): 869-869.) Nicholls considers Neo-Hippocratic movement a significant influence on the thawing of relationships between homeopaths and orthodox physicians in the 1930s in the UK. (Nicholls, P.A. (1988). Homoeopathy and the Medical Profession.)
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][PA][AI][AC]
Robert Broadwell, ND, OMD, LAc. (d. 2021). Key educator, organizer and clinician in the renaissance of naturopathic education and practice. He began his medical training as a Corpsman in the US Coast Guard in 1944, gained osteopathic training while Director of Clinical Laboratories at Kirksville College of Osteopathy and naturopathic training at American Therapy University, 1953, both in Missouri. He held didactic, clinical training, and administrative roles at NCNM in the 1970s-80s. His leadership in establishing a basic science program through Emporia College in Kansas was pivotal to implementing the first modern four-year naturopathic degree program. This historic phase shift transformed naturopathic education from programs primarily for advanced degree training for DCs and other professionals to one built around students focused on earning an ND degree. Broadwell practiced in Yamhill, OR, from 1975 to 1980. He and wife Prudence Broadwell, ND, OMD, sailed the West Coast before receiving Acupuncture and Oriental Medical Doctor degrees. They were in private practice in Fountain Valley, CA, until his retirement in 2013. Dr. Broadwell enjoyed teaching and participating in student gatherings. “[He] grounded a generation of doctors in the Vitalist tradition.” (Bruce Canvasser, ND)
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
The Crime of Vaccination. Benedict Lust.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK][CK]
Toxemia Explained: The True Interpretation of the Cause of Disease. John H. Tilden, MD. Proposes unity of disease causation as ennervation and toxemia; differentiates disease crisis vs. healing crisis; proposes pathophysiologic sequence of inflammation, reaction, healing, and degeneration.*
[PA]Professional Associations [AI]
California Chiropractic Bulletin (1[12]), the “Official Organ of the California Chiropractic Defense Committee,” edited by James Compton, DC, and published in Sacramento, notes (p. 3): “Current Comment on Chiropractic Field: It is regrettable that any student enrolled in a Chiropractic school in California should suffer because the institution in which they are enrolled is questioned. But sometimes this cannot be helped. If there is any doubt about the sufficiency of a college it is necessary for the students graduating from that institution to prove that the course pursued complies with the law. Graduates of the Berkeley Chiropractic College, and the Cale College of Chiropractic in Los Angeles are now facing this difficulty. Any data concerning the sufficiency or insufficiency of Chiropractic colleges in the state will be carefully considered by the Board. A Chiropractic college must teach a genuine Chiropractic course. Naturopathy or drugless therapy is not Chiropractic.”
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR][MC]
Chiropractic-Naturopathic Defense Association starts campaign to fight for “the constitutional right of Americans to whatever treatment of illness they desire,” to gain recognition of these professions, and to defend against persecutions expected under the recently passed Webb-Loomis medical bill in New York state. Dr. W. Adler (President), Dr. Max Warmbrand (Vice President), Dr. Herbert M. Shelton (Treasurer).
[AC]Academic Accreditation [AI][PL]
Founding meeting of the International Congress of Chiropractic Examining Boards (ICCEB) in Kansas City, MO, at the urging of Harry Gallaher, DC, a member of the Oklahoma Board of Chiropractic Examiners. In part, a response to the threat of basic science laws in Missouri and other states. The ICCEB would be transformed into the Council of State Chiropractic Examining Boards in 1934, and later renamed the Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards (FCLB).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American University of Sanipractic (Seattle, WA) closes.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
First National University of Naturopathy and Allied Sciences, Inc., founded in Newark, NJ; closure 1930.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Under an agreement between Victor Lindlahr, DO, son of Henry Lindlahr, MD, and William Charles Schulze, president of (NCC), students and most of the faculty of the Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics (LCNT) transfer to National College of Chiropractic (NCC) in Chicago, IL. The Lindlahr school had become financially untenable during the 1920s and the senior Lindlahr had been in the process of closing the school when he died. Retaining its name (LCNT), the program initially became a part of National College of Chiropractic (NCC). NCC promised to continue teaching Lindlahr’s philosophy of Natural Therapeutics as part of a broad “drugless”, non-surgical “mixer” rational system of therapeutics championed by NCC. Lindlahr’s in-patient Nature Cure Sanitarium remained in operation. In 1930 the “Natural Therapeutics” program would be amalgamated into the newly incorporated National College of Drugless Physicians (NCDP). LCNT would be involuntarily dissolved by the State of Illinois May 23, 1930, for failure to file an annual report in 1929, and failure to pay franchise taxes for the same year.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PL][LR]
These Cults: An Analysis of the Foibles of Dr. Morris Fishbein’s “Medical Follies” and an Indictment of Medical Practice in General, with a Non-Partisan Presentation of the Case for the Drugless Schools of Healing, Comprising Essays on Homeopathy, Osteopathy, Chiropractic, The Abrams Method, Vivisection, Physical Culture, Christian Science, Medical Publicity, The Cost of Hospitalization and State Medicine. Early and popular publication of the National Health Federation. Annie Riley Hale.
1927
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Nephi Cottam, DC, introduces “craniopathy” as “cranial adjusting system” at chiropractor meeting in Utah; this is claimed as preceding William Sutherland, DO, articulating cranial therapy within osteopathy. Cottam and Smith credited Willard Carver, DC, with using cranial manipulation in 1906 as a therapeutic technique applied to the head for treating hydrocephalus.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][CK][MC]
Holism and Evolution. General The Right Hon. J.C. Smuts. South African first defines “holism,” publishes definition in print as “the tendency in nature to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through creative evolution.” Generally agreed the first articulated concept occurred in 1926.
[PA]Professional Associations
“10,000” practitioners attend naturopathic convention, according to B. Lust in The Naturopath.
[PA]Professional Associations [MC]
2,000 NDs in the United States, according to B. Lust in The Naturopath.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][AC]
Society of British Naturopaths forms after practitioners separate from The Nature Cure Association, due to dispute about qualifying standards.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR][MC][GH]
The regulation of naturopaths discussed in South Australian parliament after being moved by the Australian Labor Party but falls on a vote. The South Australian branch convinces the Federal Labor Party (then in opposition) to include regulation of naturopaths in its national policy platform.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [DP][HK][PA][PL]
Benedict Lust presents “Proclamation” to the Board of Directors, Trustees, Officers, … 31st Annual Convention of the American Naturopathic Association in Minneapolis, MN. Claims (semi to full) recognition of naturopathy in more than 20 states. Published in Nature’s Path.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
The State of Florida establishes licensing of naturopaths (1929, acc. to some sources). Documentation lacking. Licensing authority rescinded in 1959; remaining NDs grandfathered.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation
The State of Indiana establishes licensing of naturopaths. Act as an amendment to the Medical Practice Act…, Chapter 248, with a multidisciplinary board of examiners.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [DP][PL]
Maine Naturopathic Bill defines naturopathy as the: “‘Science and Art’ of using such natural and vital and purifying therapeutic agencies as will enable the body to cleanse itself of abnormal conditions and set up such inherent healing processes as will restore and maintain the highest degrees of health, employing among other agencies . . .Corrective Movements, Swedish Movements, Mechanotherapy . . .” (Cordingley, 1927.)
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Oregon State license, SB 213.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
California College of Natural Healing Arts chartered in Los Angeles, CA. Later known as Cale College of Naturopathy, California College of Natural Healing Arts, and California College of Naturopathy. Charter suspended 1953.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][MC]
National College of Chiropractic opens “not-for-profit” Chicago General Health Service clinic in Chicago, IL, providing “drugless therapy”.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Sierra States College founded in Los Angeles, CA. One of the longest standing naturopathic colleges.
1928
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Manual of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Clyde Gillett, DC. Introduced numerous procedures, including bilateral nasal specific technique later championed by J. Richard Stober, DC, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Pocket Guide to Physiotherapy Technique and Treatment. W.A. and P. Budden. Small book, self-published in Chicago, as a teaching reference for students at National College.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Eating for Chemical Balance. W. H. Pyott, DC, ND. Practical adaptation of V.G. Rocine’s dietary system.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Human Life – Its Philosophy and Laws: An Exposition of the Principles and Practices of Orthopathy. Herbert M. Shelton, DC, ND. *
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][HK][PL][LR][AI]
Gerald R. Farnsworth, DC, ND (d. 2018). Respected, beloved advocate, leader and defender of the advancement of Canadian and US naturopathic profession. Key figure in founding of NCNM, Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors, Canadian Naturopathic Foundation, NW Naturopathic Physicians Convention. Trustee Emeritus, Bastyr University. Recipient Honorary Doctor of Laws, NCNM. Authored histories of NWNPC, CNF, Naturopathic Medicine in British Columbia. Six decades of general naturopathic practice with brother, Dr. Earl Farnsworth.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PL][MC]
Australian naturopath, Frederick Roberts, arrested by Victoria police for practicing medicine without authority in Victoria.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR][AI][AC][MC]
Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association issues scathing report on naturopathic and chiropractic educational system, including Lust’s New York City school. Publicized in JAMA May 26.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][AI]
Washington State enacts Basic Science statutes as part of an attempt to suppress sanipractic licensing.
1929
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [GH]
Frederick G. Roberts establishes Roberts’ Naturopathic Institute in Melbourne. Associated clinics established in Geelong, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Freemantle, and other country towns in Australia.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
William G. Sutherland, DO (1873-1954). First public presentation of innovative “Osteopathy In The Cranial Field” including physiological concept of rhythmic movement of cranial bones through Primary Respiratory Mechanism (PRM); presented at district meeting of Minnesota Osteopathic Association, in paper titled “Bedside Technique”; widely influential in emergence of cranial therapy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Bernard Jensen, DC, ND, graduates from the West Coast Chiropractic College in Oakland; will study naturopathy with Benedict Lust in Butler, NJ, and iridology with Richard Murrell McLain of Oakland (former LACC faculty member); Jensen will graduate from American School of Naturopathy under F. W. Collins. Author of many popular self-care and nutritional education books.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Cure Yourself. Paul Bragg, ND.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Health Via Food. William Howard Hay, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Diseases of Women and Children. Sarah A. Webb, MD. Published by The National Association of Medical Herbalists.*
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK][DP]
In “Naturopathic Spinal Treatment,” E.W. Cordingley, ND, DNSc, proposes definition of naturopathic spinal lesion (in contrast to a chiropractic subluxation) “because when a so-called spinal lesion exists it is found that a bone is not out of place but that it is simply held in some part of its normal range of movement by muscular contraction… that then is the naturopathic spinal lesion.” Such a lesion may be due to organic disturbance and its reflex influence upon tissues at the associated levels of innervation. (Nature’s Path, 448-449.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][LR][AC]
William Alfred Budden, DC, ND. Former Dean of National College of Chiropractic in Chicago, IL, purchases Pacific College of Chiropractic. Budden and his allies, especially the pragmatic, science-informed practice models of the DC/ND “mixers” and drugless physicians from NCC and Western States, will influence academic standards and clinical patterns of chiropractic and naturopathic medicine in the Pacific Northwest and worldwide.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Justin Ford Kimball and colleagues at Baylor University and Hospital in Dallas, Texas, organize Blue Cross as an employment-based medical insurance plan providing for 21 days of hospital care for $6 a year. Initially for school teachers, other groups of employees in the area soon joined this pioneering group prepayment plan.
1930
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP][AI]
Post-Graduate Study of Naturotherapy (PGSN). Influential 100-lesson course published over several years as a series of monthly lessons in The Naturopath and Herald of Health. Demonstrates contemporary therapeutics and case management applying systematic yet individualized plans and applying techniques such as hydrotherapy, reflexology, physical therapy modalities, and manual therapies such as vibration, massage and joint mobilization.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA][GH]
Health and Sunshine, first New Zealand naturopathic journal is established; will publish until outbreak of World War II.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA][GH]
Nature’s Path to Health. Publ. Frederick Roberts. Australian journal active until 1950.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
Naturopathic Treatment of Disease Vol. 1. Benedict Lust, DC, ND, DO.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
One Thousand and One Vegetarian Recipes, The Health Cook Book. Anna Lindlahr.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Ronald Fisher. Helps to define population genetics.
[PA]Professional Associations
Institute of Naturopathic Sanipractic Physicians forms in Seattle, WA.
[PA]Professional Associations [AC]
National Chiropractic Association forms through merger of American Chiropractic Association and Universal Chiropractors’ Association. International Chiropractic Congress merges with the NCA in 1934; becomes modern American Chiropractic Association in 1963.
[PA]Professional Associations
Nature Cure Association of Great Britain and Ireland associates with the Society of British Naturopaths and British Association of Naturopaths. A 1932 handbook lists 116 nature cure practitioners in the UK.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Registered Practitioners of Drugless Therapy, Physiotherapy, and Chiropody. Pennsylvania State Board of Medical Education and Licensure.*
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PA]
Institute of Naturopathic Sanipractic Physicians forms.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Lindlahr’s School of Natural Therapeutics involuntarily dissolved by the State of Illinois May 23, 1930, for failure to file an annual report in 1929, and failure to pay franchise taxes for the same year.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][HK][DP][PA][AC]
National College of Drugless Physicians founded in Chicago, IL. Established by William Schulze, MD, DC, President of National College of Chiropractic, and amalgamating Lindlahr’s School of Natural Therapeutics, NDCP offered three degrees: Doctor of Drugless Therapy (DDT), Doctor of Naturopathy (ND), and Doctor of Mechano-Therapy (DM). While providing for multiple degrees to suit legal needs of diverse jurisdictions, the separate organizational charters of NCC and NDCP allowed Schulze to claim that NCC awarded only chiropractic degrees, a necessary position within the professional politics of chiropractic. The school taught “Chiropractic, Mechano-Therapy, Naprapathy, Electro-Therapy, Dietetics, Hygiene and Sanitation and all other drugless methods of preventing and treating human ailments,”within a curriculum that emphasized basic sciences. NCDP offered Doctor of Drugless Therapy (DDT), Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) and Doctor of Mechano-Therapy (DM) degrees until 1952 when pressure from the National Chiropractic Association (NCA) and Dept. of Education lead to its ceasing to offer the ND degree in 1952.
1931
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
“Neo-Hippocratism”. Articulate and influential declaration by Alexander Polycleitos Cawadias, MD, published in The British Medical Journal. He declares the “basis of neo-Hippocratic medicine is a special diagnostic procedure, the ‘diagnosis of the person,’ which is individual, complete, and dynamic” and argues for the centrality of the role of the internist “who sees and treats the patient as a whole” as the only “real ‘specialist’”. (Cawadias, A.P. “Neo-Hippocratism”. British Medical Journal.) *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, and Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses. Maud Grieve. Becomes a primary textbook in naturopathic college curriculum at Western States College. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Exercising for Health. Bernarr MacFadden.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Hygienic Care of Children. Herbert M. Shelton, ND, DC. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][CK]
The Practice of Nature Cure, Henry Lindlahr, MD. Second volume in Lindlahr’s series, describes the practical clinical application of Natural Therapeutics theory presented in Volume I. While popular during his lifetime, Lindlahr’s books were not part of the standard curriculum of the DC/ND programs at National College, Western States College or other schools of Drugless Medicine beyond his own. However, they became foundational in key parts of the profession during the naturopathic “renaissance” of the 1970s when the need for textbooks became pressing as new colleges emerged.*
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [DP][PA][PL][LR][MC]
Act of Congress – Definition of Naturopathy, passes February 7, 1931. Amended meaning and intention of an Act of Congress, entitled “An act to regulate the practice of the healing art; to protect the public health of the District of Columbia,” approved February 27, 1929 (H.R.12169) by articulating a full definition of naturopathy as embodied in the original bill. Seventieth Congress, Session II, Ch. 352, p. 1236-1341, Seventy First Congress, Congressional Record – House; p. 4252. *
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PL][LR][MC]
First case of naturopathic practitioner (Robert de Villiers Dreyer) being found guilty of manslaughter. The case involved a diabetic patient (Arthur Russell) in his naturopathic practice, who died of starvation and dehydration due to a fasting regimen undertaken in Dreyer’s naturopathic hospital in Melbourne.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL]
Connecticut State licenses naturopaths; Chapter 156; followed by 1939 Statutes.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC]
The College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons founded by Charles Cale, DC, ND, PhC. succeeds Cale College of Chiropractic, featuring multidisciplinary faculty, comprised of DCs, MDs, NDs, DOs and DSCs (chiropodists) with intention to prepare DCs for broad-scope revisions in California Chiropractic Act. Shared facilities with College of Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons (Cale College of Naturopathy and California College of Naturopathy). Closed in 1939 when amalgamated into what is present day interprofessional Southern California University of Health Sciences (SCU), Whittier, CA.
1932
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
John Upledger, DO (d. 2012). Developed CranioSacral Therapy in the 1970s, as evolution of Sutherland’s cranial osteopathy, after research conducted at Michigan State University with neurophysiologist and histologist Ernest W. Retzlaff, confirming interrelated concepts of cranial bone movement and cranial rhythm; subsequently evolved by Jean-Pierre Barral, DO, others, in visceral manipulation and other therapeutic extensions of osteopathic theory emphasizing tissue motility and rhythm.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Cranial Technique. I.N. Toftness, DC, a pioneering book on cranial therapy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Herbs for Health: A Concise Treatise on Medicinal Herbs, Their Usefullness and Correct Combination in the Treatment of Diseases. Otto Mausert. (2nd Ed.). Becomes a primary textbook in naturopathic college curriculum at Western States College. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
James D’Adamo, DC, ND. (d. 2013). Pioneer in personalized therapeutics through decades of empirical research into ABO blood type and diet. Authored One Man’s Food…is Someone Else’s Poison (1980)
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [HK][CK]
The Doctrine of the Healing Power of Nature Throughout the Course of Time. Max Neuburger, MD; translation by Linn J. Boyd. Influential historical review by authoritative German medical historian summarizing the evolution of and scholarship on vis medicatrix naturae and other key concepts in the medicine of learned physicians. Originally published in German in 1926 as Die Zehre von der Heilkraft der Natur. (Stuttgart: Enke) and then privately published in English as a seminal eight article series in 1932 (The Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy, and subsequently, as a book, in 1934. In translating Max Neuburger’s title, Boyd selected the nomenclature “healing power of nature” and thereby set in motion a nomenclature subsequently carried forth throughout much of the literature of natural medicine. *
[PA]Professional Associations
Stanley Lief, ND, DO, DC, President of Nature Cure Association of Great Britain and Ireland.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
The Healing Cults: A Study of Sectarian Medical Practice: Its Extent, Causes, and Control. Louis Reed.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults, with Essays on Various Other Peculiar Notions in the Health Field. Morris Fishbein, MD. AMA publishes as part of campaign against drugless practitioners.*
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PM][DP][LR][PL]
Pennsylvania State licenses “Drugless Therapy” with definition.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][AC]
Pacific College of Chiropractic reorganizes and is re-chartered as non-profit Western States College, School of Chiropractic and School of Naturopathy under W.A. Budden. Under Budden’s strategic leadership, Western States, especially through its dual degreed DC/ND graduates, will raise the bar for high academic standards, produce pragmatic multi-disciplinary (“mixer”) practitioners, and become a base for the profession-building wing of naturopathy focusing on licensing broad-scope physicians integrating traditional therapeutics and scientific innovation.
1933
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Charlotte Weaver, DO (1884 – 1964) was a student of Dr. Andrew Still and a pioneer in basicranium research and the osteopathic approach to cranial therapy. Originally appointed by A.T. Still to research the relationship between osteopathic principles and cranial manipulation, her laboratory and clinical findings significantly influence the emergence of osteopathic cranial therapy albeit largely unpublished. She recognized the bones of the skull as three highly modified vertebrae capable of lesioning and amenable to osteopathic treatment and emphasized how cranial changes could occur over time in individuals who may or may not have experienced trauma. “After first presenting an introduction to her basicranium research to the British Osteopathic Association in 1933, she made a partial report to the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, and later presented her cranial findings at AOA conventions in 1935, 1936, and 1938. Following the two-day presentation of Weaver’s thesis, a board organized by the AOA issued a report on her findings. Published in the JAOA in 1936, this report appears to officially recognize Weaver’s research.” (Sorrel, Margaret. (2010) Charlotte Weaver: Pioneer in Cranial Osteopathy; “Charlotte Weaver, D.O., FACN, N, Pioneer in Cranial Osteopathy (1884-1964).” Now and Then: Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. pp. 2-3, 6.)
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][PA]
Bloodless and Manipulative Surgery. W.H. Pyott, DC, ND. Pyott organizes and chairs ANA Council on Bloodless Surgery. [Year of publication not confirmed.]
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Vital Facts About Foods. Otto Carque, ND.
[PA]Professional Associations [HK]
The journal Der Heilpraktiker appears as the first publication of Fachverband Deutscher Heilpraktiker FDH (Naturopathic Federation Germany), Germany’s largest national naturopathic association.
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR][MC]
The National Socialist (Nazi) government Reichsministerium des Innern in Germany appointed the heilpraktiker Ernst Heinrich as commissioner of the profession. The many associations were combined into a consolidated Heilpraktikerbund Deutschland (Naturopathic Federation Germany), in accordance with the Gleichschaltung, with regulations for membership and education. This endorsement of heilpraktikers is interpreted by some as a counter to Anthroposophical medicine rooted in Paracelsus, alchemy and Goethe, pioneered by Rudolph Steiner, and developed by his colleagues.
[PA]Professional Associations [AC][AI]
W.A. Budden joins and becomes an active member of the NCA’s Committee on Educational Standards, and served for many years as chairman of the NCA’s National Council on Public Health. Between 1933 and 1954 he publishes nearly 100 articles on a wide variety of clinical, educational, historical and other professional topics in the Journal of the National Chiropractic Association (NCA).
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR][MC]
Heilpraktikergesetz (Health Practitioners Law) established by the National Socialist (Nazi) government in Germany to regulate Heilpraktikers by requiring them to pass examinations in the basic medical sciences.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Los Angeles College of Chiropractic announces “Special Course in Naturopathy” taught by Victor H. Lindlahr “of Chicago” and W. Martin Bleything, BS, DC, SD, professor of pathology and Clinic Director at LACC.
1934
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Diät und Zahnkaries. (Diet and Dental Caries.) Maximilian Bircher-Benner, MD.
[PA]Professional Associations [HK]
National Eclectic Medical Association Quarterly, Sept 1934; 26(1).*
[PA]Professional Associations
The Incorporated Society of Registered Naturopaths forms in the United Kingdom by James C. Thomson, ND.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
“Declaration of Principles of the American League of Medical Freedom.” Nature’s Path, 232.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Natural Healing Arts, a.k.a. Colorado Chiropractic University, in Denver, CO, re-organizes as non-profit. Offers DC and ND degrees until 1956. Homer G. Beatty, DC, Founder, President; also President of the NCA “Schools Council,” focuses on developing standards for chiropractic colleges; a key ally of Robert Carroll (Sr.). Closure 1950.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Alfred Brauchle appointed head of Department for Nature Cure Methods at 1,200-bed Johannstadter hospital in Dresden, Germany; first successful integration of nature cure with conventional medicine in a public hospital.
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