[
Popular Self-Care, Medical Pluralism and Professional Institutions
19th Century
1800-1809
1800
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Humphry Davy, British chemist and inventor from Cornwall, demonstrates the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [AI][DP][PM]
Constantine Hering, MD (d. 1880). Educator and founder of American homeopathy. University of Wuerzburg graduate with highest honors; thesis, De Medicine Future (The Medicine of Future). Formulator of Hering’s Rule (Hering’s Law of Cure); proves 72 substances, including Lachesis; authored ten-volume The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica. Co-founder, Nordamerikanische Academie der Homoeopathische Heilkunst (Allentown Academy, PA), the first homeopathic medical school in the United States.
1801
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Primitive Physic: or, An Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases. John Wesley. *
1802
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen aus allen Theilen der Arzneywissenschaft und zum Theil auch der Naturheilkunde (Essays and observations of all aspects of medical science, including natural living and healing). C.G. Erdmann.
1803-1804
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner (1783-1841) successfully isolates and extracts morphine crystals from tarry poppy seed juice (Papaver somniferum) in a test tube, the ‘principium somniferum’ of opium, the first such isolation of a primary constituent from a medicinal plant which he named ‘Morphium’ after the Greek deity of sleep and dreams.
1805
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [DP][HK]
J.H. Rausse (d. 1848). Articulates scientific principles of water cure and introduces Naturheilkunde. ‘Rousseau of water cure.’ Critiqued Priessnitz; advanced nature cure, understanding of suppression and self-healing, healing crisis; detoxification; treat the person, not the disease; taught that diverse factors contribute to illness and promote health, and that common cures address many disease states that appear as ‘different’. Alias, Heinrich F. Francke, forest geometer.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
Samuel Hahnemann, in Hufeland’s Journal, presents his evolving doctrine in “Therapeutics of experience. “Previously, in 1797, he distinguished, for the first time, between ‘dynamically-acting’ and ‘chemically-acting’ medicines. In 1800, further contrasted ‘dynamic’ with ‘mechanic,’ and in 1801, with ‘atomic.’ In 1801, introduced the concept of ‘fixed diseases’ that have a stable cause (e.g., a “quite invariable miasm,” like syphilis or psora) and a similar course. Later, in 1807, in Hufeland’s Journal, introduced and defined term, ‘homeopathic;’ argued the ‘truth’ of curative healing not yet ‘scientifically recognized,’ and described his doctrine as “…the most rational and perfect way of healing” (Josef M. Schmidt, “200 years Organon of Medicine – A comparative view on its six editions (1810-1842).”)
1810-1819
1810
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Mary Gove Nichols, née Mary Sargeant Neal (d. 1884). Pioneering lay hygienist, champion of Graham; advocate for women’s rights. Known for controversial public lectures on anatomy and physiology. Writer, lecturer, and healer using water cure therapy; involved in activism and health reform.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
The term ‘eclectic’ coined by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (French botanist cataloging American plants, 1784-1841). Term refers to physicians who employed whatever is found to be beneficial to patients (‘eclectic’ derives from the Greek, eklego, “to choose from”).
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [HK][PM]
Organon Der Rationellen Heilkunde (The Organon of Rational Therapeutics) published by Samuel Hahnemann, MD, establishing the discipline of homeopathic medicine. The Organon becomes a central influence upon later naturopathic theory.
1812
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [AI][PM]
Russell Thacker Trall, MD (d. 1877). Hygiene, hydrotherapy, vegetarian pioneer, writer, publisher, educator. Launched Water Cure Center, NYC, 1844. Opened Hygienic Institute, NY, 1847. Published The Water-Cure Journal, later renamed Herald of Health. Renowned as proponent of health creation, natural law, healthy living.
1813
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
Claude Bernard, MD (d. 1878). French physiologist who articulated and introduced the term, milieu intérieur (i.e., self-regulatory homeodynamics). Known for declaring: “The terrain is everything; the germ is nothing.” Neither a vitalist nor a mechanist, Bernard proposed that the presence of a ‘definite idea’ which directed its development was the hallmark of life and living organisms.
1816
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][MC]
Pierre Jacques Antoine Béchamp, MD (d. 1908). Developer of Terrain Theory of Disease, emphasizing individual’s health is pivotal in appearance and virulence of disease. Proposed that in the susceptible organism the ‘terrain’ will attract microzymas as scavengers of the compromised tissue. Influenced and debated L. Pasteur, proponent of emerging germ theory.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
René Laennec invents the stethoscope with deep implications for reducing human touch in the therapeutic relationship.
1817
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Samuel Hahnemann, MD, produces handwritten, alphabetized ‘Symptomemlexicon,’ the first index of symptoms, i.e., the first homeopathic repertory, derived from Materia Medica Pura and Chronic Diseases.
1818
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, MD (Hungarian: Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis) (d. 1865) Introduces concept of asepsis through clinical observation and research resulting in the publication of The Cause, Concept and Prevention of Child-Bed Fever in 1861. Reported that puerperal fever was far less prevalent in wards attended by midwives than wards where medical students attended. Semmelweis had students wash and scrub their hands in chlorine water before attending, especially if they were coming from a postmortem lab, which was followed by a sharp decline in the infant mortality rate. These measures to reduce infection transmission vectors were rejected as heretical by medical orthodoxy and Semmelweis was largely banished from teaching.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][AI]
Robert S. Newton, MD (d. 1881). Influential Eclectic physician, author, educator; Dean of Eclectic Medical Institute (1856-1861) and its Clinical Institute (OH); co-founded Eclectic Medical Journal with J. Buchanan; also active in New York, NY.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
System of Practical Medicine (System Der Praktischen Heilkunde, 1818-1828). Christof Hufeland, MD.
1819
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Daniel Drake, MD. Founds Medical College of Ohio. Prior to its establishment, physicians learned medicine primarily through apprenticeship. Strongly influenced the Eclectics.
1820-1829
1821
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
Wilhelm Heinrich Schüssler, MD (d. 1898). German homeopath. Originator of tissue salt theory and prescribing system (Biochemie) that posits that mineral deficiency and/or metabolic impediments cause symptoms so treat with mineral salt(s) in triturated potency. Contrasts with both physiological/biochemical and simillimum approaches in homeopathy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [HK][DP]
Prelate Sebastian Kneipp (d. 1897). Bavarian Catholic priest, codified theory and system of hydrotherapy; taught healthy living as foundation of nature cure. Five pillars: hydrotherapy, phytotherapy, nutrition, exercise, regulative therapy. Published Meine Wasser-Kur: durch mehr als 30 Jahre erprobt und geschrieben zur Heilung der Krankheiten und Erhaltung der Gesundheit, 1889, (My water-cure, as tested through more than thirty years and described for the healing of diseases and the preservation of health: Translated from the 30th German ed., 1891), My Will: A Legacy to the Healthy and the Sick (1896), and The Care of Children in Sickness and in Health (1897). Key bridge connecting central European traditions and early American naturopathy. One of the world’s most prominent and influential nature cure practitioners. Exerted a profound impact on Benedict Lust and other early naturopaths.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
Rudolf Virchow, MD (d. 1902). Pioneer of cellular pathology. German physician, anthropologist, politician, social reformer. Pioneered theory that human diseases can be understood as cellular dysfunction. Expresses and reinforces a deepening divide between mechanistic/reductionist and vitalistic/natural schools of medicine. Taught illness was not in the whole organism but localized to certain cells or groups of cells.
1822
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
New Guide to Health; or Botanic Family Physician. Samuel Thomson. Thomson’s model of disease causation and treatment designed for home treatment using readily available plants, purportedly based on indigenous “Indian” teachings and methods. Deeply influential in fostering do-it-yourself herbal self-care, literacy in rural areas, and defiant attitude toward the medical establishment as long-term patterns within American culture; parallels populist, anti-intellectual, anti-elitist “Jacksonian” political culture in the United States.
1823
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Arnold Rikli (d. 1926). Slovenian nature cure practitioner and ‘sun doctor.’ Established facility in Veldes, Slovenia. Advanced sun, light, and air bathing/therapeutics with barefoot walking (preceding Kneipp), hydrotherapy. Known for “…water is good, air is better, but light is best of all.” Prolific author. Published The Basic Doctrines of Nature Cure including the Atmospheric Cure.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [AI][PL][MC]
Lydia Folger Fowler, MD. (d. 1879). Pioneering American Eclectic physician, professor of medicine, and activist. She was one of eight women entering Central Medical College in Syracuse, NY, the first coeducational medical school in the U.S.; fellow students included Myra King Merrick and Sarah Adamson Dolley. When she graduated in 1850 she was the second woman in America to earn a medical degree, following Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849, and is often considered the first American-born woman to earn a medical degree. As the first woman professor in an American medical school, she was professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children at Central Medical College and later at Rochester Eclectic Medical College, In 1862, Fowler taught midwifery at the New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College. Her practice focused on homeopathy and surgery. A prominent health lecturer and social activist, particularly in women’s rights organizations, she participated in the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and presided over the Women’s Grand Temperance Demonstration in Metropolitan Hall. After moving to London in 1863 she practiced medicine and was active in the British Women’s Temperance Association.
1824
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
Theodore Hahn (d. 1883) of Silesia. Nature Doctor, scholar, hydrotherapy practitioner, advocated vegetarianism, promoted self-responsibility. Student of J.H. Rausse; extended Rausse’s clinical, theoretical works; influenced by Hufeland. Advocate for accessibility and simplicity of nature cure.
1825
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
Hans Burch Gram, MD, arrives in Maine from Sweden to become the first homeopathic physician in the U.S.; eventually moves to New York City. Within ten years after his arrival there were nine homeopaths.
1827
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][MC]
Wooster Beach, MD, (1794-1859) founds the United States Infirmary in New York, NY. Beach was a founder and key early leader of Eclectic Medicine and the American Reform Medicine movement who broke with Samuel Thomson over medical education and professionalization.
1828
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776-1847) published “Research in Endosmosis and Exosmosis” in which he postulated this phenomenon as due to a ‘vital physico-organic’ force. During the 19th century, Marie François Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and Justus, Baron von Liebig (1803-1873) and other respected physiologists posited that processes within living organisms were more than chemical-mechanical in nature and questioned how they could be duplicated in a laboratory. Henry Bence Jones (1813-1873), a pioneering clinical chemist, proposed that the vital force played a minor role in living organisms and that most, if not all, physiologic processes would eventually be explained through chemical and physical laws.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) synthesized urea, an ‘organic’ substance, in vitro, i.e., by evaporating an isomeric solution of ammonium cyanate. This innovative chemical synthesis was performed without a living organism involved, hence no possibility of ‘vital force’ being required. Subsequently, commentators have cited this event as confirming their chemico-mechanical theories of life and signaling the ‘death of vitalism’ and the birth of organic chemistry. Nineteenth century proponents of the ‘mechanistic’ viewpoint of living systems included prominent physiologists as Carl Ludwig (1816-1895), Ernst Brucke (1819-1892), Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896) and Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894).
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [DP][PM]
Chronic Diseases: Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homeopathic Cure. Samuel Hahnemann, MD. (1828-1830) First edition in four volumes; often considered Hahnemann’s last medical work of fundamental importance; translated into English (1904) from the Second Enlarged German Edition of 1835, by Prof. Louis H. Tafel. *
1829
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Reformed Medical College of New York founded by Wooster Beach, MD; succeeded U.S. Infirmary; closed, 1839.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
Karl Gottlob Kühn (d. 1840). German physician and medical historian, in his Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, translated Νούσων φύσιες ίητροί into Latin as Morborum medicae naturae. (Volume 12, p. 222; Leipzig: Knobloch)
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PA]
Sarah Read Adamson Dolley, MD. (d. 1909). After initially studying medicine under the preceptorship of her uncle, Hiram Corson, MD, she was admitted to Central Medical College (Eclectic) in Syracuse, NY, in November 1849 and became one of the first women in America to receive a medical degree in 1851. After becoming the first female intern in the U.S. at the Blockley Hospital in Philadelphia, she married Lester Clinton Dolley, MD, with whom she practiced Eclectic and homeopathic medicine in Rochester, NY. During 1873-74 she presented a course of lectures on obstetrics at the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. In 1866, she joined with other women physicians in Rochester to form the Provident Dispensary Association “to provide free medical and surgical care for such women and children as shall need gratuitous services” and in 1887 participated in establishing the Practitioners’ Society, one of the earliest women’s medical societies in the U.S.
1828-1836
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing laws rescinded in most states within the U.S. during the period of Jacksonian democracy as part of a broad social movement for self-care and “democratic” medicine and against elitism.
1830-1839
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][AI]
Alva Curtis, MD, Splits from Thomson; creates his own Independent Thomsonian Medical Society; these were botanical physicians later known as physio-medical or physio-pathic practitioners, or by other self-descriptors). This action split the Thomsonians, as Thomson criticized academic institutions of medicine as elite bastions of intellectual theorizing that were inferior to the common sense of herbal self-education and domestic care by pioneer families.
1830-1839
1830
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Susannah Way Dodds, MD (d. 1915) 1866 graduate of the Hygeo-Therapeutic College of New York; influential Hygienic physician, educator, and organizer; involved in Cleveland Water Cure; authored many books and pamphlets.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Reformed Medical College of Ohio founded (also known as Worthington Medical College). John J. Steele, MD, first president, soon replaced by Thomas Vaughan Morrow, MD. First graduating class, 1833.
1831
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Cordelia A. Greene, MD (d. 1905). Influential pioneering woman physician who emphasized simple life with a focus on a healthy mind. Practiced at Clifton Springs Sanitarium (OH), Castile Sanitarium (NY). Dr. E. Greene in Historical Wyoming (1858) wrote: “Dr. Greene’s medical knowledge, her skill in diagnosis, and her original method of treatment by hot and cold water, by electricity, massage, vapor baths, and the system of exercises were so successful in restoring health to those who suffered from chronic ailments, that in a few years, the Water Cure at Castile became widely known all over the country.” Lifelong commitment to social causes; first student to receive regular medical degree at Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania (1853).
1832
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
Mary Edwards Walker, MD (d. 1919). Physician, author, lecturer and active suffragist. After enrolling at Syracuse Medical College (Eclectic) she graduated from Geneva College of Medicine in 1855, and is often identified as the first woman to earn an MD degree in the U.S. She had a private practice in Rome, NY. In 1863 Walker was appointed by the War Department as an acting assistant surgeon, a position equal in status to a lieutenant or captain, with the Ohio 52nd Infantry. Records indicate that she was taken as a prisoner of war in 1864 and held for four months in Confederate captivity before being exchanged with other Union doctors for Confederate medical officers. Upon release she became medical director of a hospital for female prisoners in Louisville, KY. Awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for her service, the first woman and the only civilian to ever receive the award, that recognition was rescinded in 1917 because of her civilian status; restored in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter. In 1870 she published her most well-known book, Hit: Essays on Women’s Rights.
1833
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Hahnemann and others opened the first homeopathic hospital, Leipzig, Germany. Often troubled by ineffective practitioners who mixed allopathic and homeopathic methods. Closure, 1842.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Augusta Fairchild, MD (d. 1911) Authors How to be Well, or, Common-Sense Medical Hygiene: A Book for the People (1879), giving directions for treatment and cure of acute diseases without use of drug medicines, and hints for general health care. Later published Woman and Health, A Mother’s Hygienic Hand Book (1890), a small, popular work describing Hygienic care of the sick. Considered by some as the first woman to graduate from a conventional medical school in the U.S. Operated Fairchild’s Healthery, later Fairchild Sanitarium, 1883-1903, Quincy, IL.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
The Organon of Medicine, last German edition (5th ed.), published by Samuel Hahnemann. The sixth edition would be published in 1921 (posthumously), based on notes to the fifth edition; introduces LM potencies, other concepts and methods.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Worthington Medical College graduates first class in Worthington, OH, having been founded in 1830; suspended 1839-1843 after “Resurrection Riot”; 1845, becomes Eclectic Medical Institute; 1857, absorbed American Medical College; 1859, absorbs Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery; 1910, renamed Eclectic Medical College.
1834
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
New Guide to Health; or Botanic Family Physician: containing a complete system of practice, upon a plan entirely new; with a description of the vegetables made use of, and directions for preparing and administering them to cure disease: to which is added a description of several cases of disease attended by the author, with the mode of treatment and cure : to which is annexed, A narrative of the life, &c. of the author. Samuel Thomson. Promulgates home care botanical system that gains widespread use, especially in frontier America, and deeply influential upon American medical culture. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Aesculapian Tablets of the Nineteenth Century. Sylvester Graham. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Thomsonian Botanical Watchman. First issue published.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Wilhelm Winternitz, MD (d. 1917) Viennese physician often characterized as ‘father of scientific hydrotherapy’.
1835
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Nordamerikanische Academie der Homoeopathische Heilkunst (The North American Academy of the Homoeopathic Healing Art); first homeopathic medical school in U.S.; founded in Allentown, PA, by Henry Detwiller, William Wesselhoeft, MD, (1794-1858) and others, with Constantine Hering, MD, as president. First homeopathic hospital also at Wesselhoeft House. Academy closed, 1843.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Defense of the Graham System of Living: Or, Remarks on Diet and Regimen. Dedicated to the Rising Generation. Sylvester Graham. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Jacob Bigelow, MD, (1786-1879) delivers “A Discourse on Self-Limited Diseases” before the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1835 which reports that outcomes among treated and untreated patients were similar and challenges the dominant Heroic medicine with its toxic doses, bloodletting and purging. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Louis Kuhne (d. 1901). German naturopath known for cold water hydrotherapy methods and vegetarian diet. Invented friction sitz bath; introduced ‘science of facial expression’ diagnostic system, concept of ‘unity of disease,’ adopted by early naturopaths as the fundamental concept of illness and healing of pathology (through detoxification, vital force). Becomes a central concept within Henry Lindlahr’s core theory. Named founder and first master of naturopathy in Lust’s Universal Directory.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [MC]
Queen Adelaide, wife of English King William IV, cured of a serious illness using homeopathy. Homeopathic physicians have been the attending physicians of the royal family since that time.
1836
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Enchiridion Medicum (The Practice of Medicine) Christof Hufeland, MD. First published in English, 1844, from the sixth German edition. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Botanico-Medical College of Ohio founded by Alva Curtis, MD, in Columbus, OH, without state charter. Pioneering school of botanical medicine education. Moved to Cincinnati and renamed, 1839.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
College of Medicine founded in New York City, NY; Botanic; closure, 1846.
1837
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
“Acupuncture in Rheumatism.” Dr. Wm. Markley Lee. Eclectic Journal of Medicine (John Bell, MD, ed.), January, 1837, p. 99.
[PA]Professional Associations [MC]
The American Physiological Society Forms in Boston by William Alcott and Sylvester Graham; influential in the popular Hygienic movement.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Wooster Beach, MD, founds the New York Medical Academy, later becomes the Reformed Medical College of New York, original school of “Reformed Medicine”.
1838
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PA]
Phoebe Champlin Low, MD, (d. 1911) graduated from the Philadelphia Eclectic Medical College in 1872 and moved to Liberty, NY, where she practiced until 1907. She was active regionally and as Secretary of the National Eclectic Medical Society.
1839
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][AI]
Adolph von Lippe, MD. Emigrates to U.S.; attends Allentown Academy of the Homoeopathic Healing Art; granted diploma, 1841. Chair of Materia Medica at Homoeopathic College of Pennsylvania, 1863-1868. Strict Hahnemanian, renowned for major contributions to homeopathic literature, philosophy, methods, practice, materia medica, and clinical cases.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [LR]
Report of the trial of Dr. Samuel Thomson, the founder of the Thomsonian practice, for an alleged libel in warning the public against the impositions of Paine D. Badger, as a Thomsonian physician sailing under false colors, before Judge Thacher, in the Municipal Court of Boston; April Term, 1839. Samuel Thomson. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American Medical College (Eclectic) Founded in Cincinnati, OH. Merges with Eclectic Medical Institute, 1857.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC]
Literary and Botanico-Medical Institute of Ohio opened by Alva Curtis, MD, as a state-chartered school; moved to Cincinnati, OH, 1841.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Medical Department of Pennsylvania College founded in Philadelphia, PA. Absorbs Philadelphia College of Medicine and Surgery, 1859. Absorbed by Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia, 1863.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southern Botanico-Medical College Founded in Forsyth, GA; first graduates, 1841; moved to Macon, GA, 1846; became Reform Medical College of Georgia, 1854. Suspended, 1861-1867; reformed as College of American Medicine and Surgery, 1874; charter transferred to Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 1884.
1840-1849
1840±
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
Forest geometer J. H. Rausse, alias Heinrich F. Francke, (1805-1848) introduces the term “Naturheilkunde”.
1840
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Simon Baruch, MD (d. 1921). Polish-born Jewish immigrant and influential advocate of the urban public bathhouse and hydrotherapy. Attending physician to Manhattan General Hospital and New York Juvenile Asylum; consulting physician to the Knickerbocker, Montefiori and Bellevue Hospitals, hydrotherapeutist to Sea View Hospital for tuberculosis, formerly professor of Hydrotherapy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and Honorary member of the South Carolina Medical Association. Authored The Uses of Water in Modern Medicine (1892), The Principles and Practice of Hydrotherapy, A Guide to the Application of Water in Disease for Students and Practitioners of Medicine (1898), An Epitome of Hydrotherapy for Physicians, Architects and Nurses (1920).
1841
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
The Thomsonian Materia Medica: or, Botanic Family Physician: Comprising a philosophical theory, the natural organization and assumed principles of animal and vegetable life: to which are added the description of plants and their various compounds. Samuel Thomson. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Literary and Botanico-Medical Institute of Ohio moves to Cincinnati, OH.
1842
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Crawford W. Long, MD, a surgeon practicing in Athens, Georgia, pioneers use of sulfuric ether for surgical anesthesia. Nevertheless, William Morton, a young dentist at Massachusetts General Hospital has often been considered the first to use the gas for anesthesia.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria. Capt. R.T. Claridge, Third Edition. Influential in spreading hydrotherapy to English-speaking countries, including England and Australia.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
The American Practice Condensed, or, The Family Physician: Being the Scientific System of Medicine, on Vegetable Principles, Designed for All Classes. (12th edition). Wooster Beach, MD. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Reformed Medical College of Cincinnati founded; closed or merged, 1845.
1843
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Guide To Health: Being an Exposition of the Principles of the Thomsonian System of Practice, etc. Benjamin Colby. (3rd Ed., 1846) *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
John Stuart Mill publishes A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, coining the word ‘Emergentism.’
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Wooster Beach, MD, publishes The Family Physician, or, The Reformed System of Medicine on Vegetable or Botanical Principles: Being a Compendium of the “American Practice” Designed For All Classes, in Nine Parts … : this work embraces the character, causes, symptoms, and treatment of the diseases of men, women, and children of all climates.
https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:45432096$1i
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic Medical Institute relocates from Worthington, OH and initial classes in Cincinnati by Professors Thomas Vaughn Morrow and A. H. Baldridge after having no graduating classes 1839-1843; chartered in 1845; last class graduated in 1929; re-opened, in 1931; last class graduated, in 1939.
1844
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
First U.S. hydropathic facility established by Russell T. Trall, MD, and Joel Shew, MD; New York City, NY.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Botanic Physician: being a compendium of the practice of medicine upon botanic principles – containing all the principal branches necessary to the study of medicine as causes, symptoms, and cure of diseases : midwifery, materia medica, pharmacy and botany, surgery, physiology &c. : together with a great variety of useful recipes. Isaac S. Smith. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Southern Botanic Physician: Being a treatise on the character, causes, symptoms and treatment of the diseases of men, women and children of all climates, on vegetable or botanical principles, as taught at the reformed medical colleges in the U.S. : containing also many valuable recipes for preparing medicines : the whole preceded by practical rules for the prevention of disease and the preservation of health. Simon B. Abbott, MD. *
[PA]Professional Associations [MC]
The American Institute of Homeopathy is established as the pioneering professional association of homeopathic practitioners in the U.S., predominantly MDs, “in response to the lack of national medical standards.” First national medical society of physicians in the U.S.; claim conflicts with that of Reformed Medical Society.
1845
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [DP]
Daniel David Palmer, DC (d. 1913). ‘Discoverer’ and founder of chiropractic as a distinct therapeutic system; evolved from magnetic healing to chiropractic. Vitalist approach, emphasizing “Innate” intelligence, manipulation and cause of most disease due to subluxation and disrupted nerve flow with resulting ‘friction.’
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
Hermann Kolbe (1818-1884) reported the laboratory conversion of inorganic carbon disulfide to organic acetic acid further ‘discrediting’ vitalism within prevailing perceptions.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Kneipp Water-Cure Journal first issue published; circulation more than 50,000 by early 1850s.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC]
The Eclectic Medical Institute receives its charter from the State of Ohio.
1846
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Sebastian Kneipp develops Kneipp Cure school of hydrotherapy involving application of water through various methods, temperatures, and pressures.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Spanish Bishop, Rosendo Salvado, of the Benedictine Order of Monks founds monastic town, New Norcia, in Western Australia to treat indigenous communities with homeopathy and Eclectic medicine.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Synopsis of Lectures On Medical Science: Embracing the Principles of Medicine, Or Physiology, Pathology, and Therapeutics, As Discovered in Nature; … to Those Principles, As Applied by Art. Alva Curtis, MD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Hydropathy: or the System of Effecting Cures by Means of Cold Water. Epitomized from The Celebrated Work of Captain Claridge, FSA. First Australian publication in the Priessnitz lineage of hydrotherapy, published in Launceston by Captain Claridge.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
New England Medical Eclectic, and Guide to Health. Calvin Newton, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
Samuel Jackson, MD, of Northumberland, PA, in “Nature and the Physician in the Cure of Disease”, critiqued the position that “the physician is the mere servant of nature, which cures nearly all diseases” and “therefore propose[s] to reverse the maxim, and say that nature is the servant of the physician.” Reviewing history, he wrote: “With Van Helmont it was an Archeus, with Stahl an Anima Medica, Cullen thought it a Vis Medicatrix, and many, from Hippocrates to the seventeenth century, dignified it by the name of Autokrateia. It has even been endowed with intelligence, but at present it must be considered as the mere physiological necessity of organized matter. That must have been considered as a cruel and malicious intelligence, which could stir up such painful curative commotions as colic and dysentery.” (The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 33,23, p.461-463.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Worcester Botanico-Medical College opened by Calvin Newton as a Physiomedicalist branch institution under the degree authority of the Southern Botanico-Medical College in Macon, Georgia. Name changed to Worcester Botanico-Medical College in 1847. Newton’s New England Medical Eclectic and Guide to Health was the official organ of college Reorganized as New England Botanico-Medical College (1849) and then as reorganized as Worchester Medical College under a Massachusetts charter, 1951. Gained affiliation with Syracuse Medical College in 1852. Conferred first degree of MD in New England upon a woman (Dr. Lucinda Hall). Moved to Chapman Hall in Boston, MA, 1856; closure, 1859.
1847
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The American Practice Condensed, or, The Family Physician: being the scientific system of medicine, on vegetable principles, designed for all classes. (12th edition) Wooster Beach, MD. Key midcentury book by educational leader.*
[PA]Professional Associations [PL][LR][MC]
American Medical Association (AMA) founded by national convention at Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA; spearheaded by Nathan Smith Davis’ 1845 resolution to the NY Medical Association, to secure the privileged position of the Regular medical profession. The exclusionary consultation clause included in the Code of Ethics adopted by AMA at 1847 founding; clause aggressively applied starting 1855 and again in early 20th century.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Medical School of Fredonia moves to Rochester, NY, to become Eclectic Medical Institute of New York, 1848; merges with Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute and moves to Syracuse, NY, to become the Central Medical College of New York, 1849.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PL]
Harriet Hunt (1805-1875). First woman to apply to Harvard Medical School; rejected twice; received honorary MD, 1853, from the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania.
1848
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
An Improved System of Midwifery: Adapted to the Reformed Practice of Medicine … ; to which is Annexed, a Compendium of the Treatment of Female and Infantile Diseases; with Remarks on Physiological and Moral Elevation. Wooster Beach, MD. Baker & Scribner. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [LR]
Constantine Hering, MD, Jacob Jeanes, MD, and Walter Williamson, MD obtain a charter for the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; remains a center of homeopathic education in the U.S. and world until the early 20th century.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic Medical College of Indiana Founded in Louisville, KY; closure date unknown.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute Founded in Rochester, NY. Merges with Eclectic Medical Institute of New York and moves to Syracuse, NY in 1849, to become Central Medical College of New York.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [HK][AC]
“… Though somewhat partial to the name Thomsonian, as we look on the discoveries which Samuel Thomson made in medicine to be superior to any and all of the theories of past ages; yet, by assuming his name we make ourselves liable to be accused of advocating his errors (for no one is perfect); and his opposition to education &c., makes this epithet really objectionable… It restricts those who assume it, to his notions and views, and rather forbids improvement in our noble science.” (The New England Botanic and Medical Surgical Journal, Worcester, Mass., 2:13.)
1849
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
John Uri Lloyd, PharM, PhD (d. 1936). Pioneer in modern use of plant preparations in medicine; influential in pharmacognosy, herbal pharmaceutical manufacturing, ethnobotany, American materia medica, economic botany. Founded Lloyd Brothers Pharmacists, Cincinnati, OH, with brothers, one of world’s largest and most sophisticated pharmaceutical companies; its library contained the largest collection of global herbal literature. Lloyd published plant medicine Bulletins (with topics that included belladonna, goldenseal, damiana, and aloe), and eight works of fiction. Received the Remington Medal and Ebert Prize in 1920; successful and controversial figure; central in Eclectic medicine; acclaimed as modern alchemist; twice elected president of American Pharmaceutical Association.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK]
Bavarian physician Lorenz Gleich, MD (1798-1865), first defines the term “Naturheilkunde” as a collective of three principles: natural instinct theory, the natural way of life, and natural therapeutic methods. He operated a treatment facility near Munich, that combined hydrotherapy, nutrition and physical exercise therapies and would later found “Vereins zur Förderung der Naturheilverfahren,” the “Association for the Promotion of Naturopathic Treatments”. Vigorously opposed to allopathic practices.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][AI]
Carl Schultz, MD, ND (d. 1935). Known as ‘father’ of naturopathy in California during early decades of the 20th century; founded Naturopathic Institute and Sanitarium of California and the California University of Liberal Physicians; largely responsible for original licensure of naturopaths in California, the first state to achieve this status.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Central Medical College of New York, Syracuse, NY, formed by merger of Eclectic Medical Institute of New York and Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute; moved to Rochester, became Rochester Eclectic Medical College, 1850; closed, 1852.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][MC]
Western College of Homeopathic Medicine founded in Cleveland, OH; first graduates, 1851; becomes Western Homeopathic College, 1857; becomes Homeopathic Hospital College, 1870; absorbed Homeopathic Medical College for Women, 1881; becomes Cleveland University of Medicine and Surgery, 1894; merges with Cleveland Medical College (Homeopathic) to become Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, 1898.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM][AI][PL]
Elizabeth Blackwell graduates from Geneva Medical College, NY, as the first woman in the U.S. to receive a medical degree (M.D.) from a Regular medical school; presents “NY Lectures on the Laws of Life,” need for physical education and exercise for children’s development, 1852; opens first women-run New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, 1857; exists today as New York University Downtown Hospital.
1850-1859
1850
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
Eli G. Jones, MD (d. 1933). Innovative, highly regarded, and influential physician; initially a Regular MD, realigned to Eclectic practice, then sequentially integrated homeopathy, Physiomedicalism and Schüssler’s biochemic cell salts to create a syncretic system of therapeutics. Author of Cancer: Its Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Giving the Results of over Forty Years’ Experience in the Medical Treatment of this Disease and Definite Medication. in Definite Medication he advocated low dosage botanical extracts; also known for prescribing homeopathic mother tinctures. For many years published A Journal of Therapeutic Facts for the Busy Doctor.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PL][MC]
Ernst Schweninger (d. 1924) Opens first nature cure hospital; located in Berlin.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
A Fair Exposition of Allopathy, or the Pathological System of Medicine, with its Kindred Systems and Branches. Alva Curtis, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Experience in Water Cure. Mary Gove Nichols (née Mary Sargeant Neal).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Hydropathy for the People: With Plain Observations of Drugs, Diet, Water, Air, and Exercise. William Horsell and R.T. Trall, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Prof. J. King’s Introductory Lecture. John King, MD. Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
“The Production of Vital Force. Annual Oration 1849. A Discourse delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society, at their Annual Meeting, May 30th, 1849.” Edward Jarvis, MD. Massachusetts Medical Society.*
https://www.massmed.org/About/MMS-Leadership/History/The-Production-of-Vital-Force/
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Water Cure Manual: a popular work, embracing descriptions of the various modes of bathing, the hygienic and curative effects of air, exercise, clothing, occupation, diet, water-drinking, etc. : together with descriptions of diseases, and the hydropathic means to be employed therein, illustrated with cases of treatment and cure containing, also, a fine engraving of Priessnitz. Joel Shew (1816-1855).*
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Literary and Botanico-Medical Institute of Ohio renamed as Physio-Medical College, 1850; literary and medical departments separate in 1851 with the medical department adopting Physiopathic Medical College of Ohio as its name; closed, 1880.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Syracuse Medical College founded in Syracuse, NY; Eclectic; closure, 1855.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Thompsonian College founded in Barbourville, GA.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [AI][PL]
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania established in Philadelphia, PA, by a small group of Quaker businessmen, clergy, and physicians, headed by philanthropist William J. Mullen. Founded amid reformist social movements; important as the first Regular medical school for women in the world, as well as the last medical school in the world to provide medical education exclusively for women.
1851
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Physico-physiological Researches on the Dynamics of Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, Light, Crystallization, and Chemism, in Their Relations to Vital Force. Karl Freiherr von Reichenbach. (1788-1869).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Hydropathic Encyclopedia: A system of Hydropathy and Hygiene in Eight Parts … Designed as a Guide to Families and Students, and a Text-book for Physicians. Vol. 1 and 2. Russell T. Trall, MD. *
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [HK][PM]
John H. Tilden, MD (d. 1940). Graduate of Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH, practices in Illinois; publishes numerous periodicals, pamphlets, and books, including The Philosophy of Health, renamed Health Review and Critique, 1926; advanced the understanding of toxemia; degeneration and healing model, 1926, (enervation, toxemia, irritation, inflammation, ulceration, induration, fungation, cancer) parallels with Hippocratic concept of ‘coction’ and Lindlahr’s healing reaction model (1913).
[PA]Professional Associations
Founding of an “Organ for the Promotion of Naturopathy” in München (Munich). Fachverband Deutscher Heilpraktiker, Landesverband Bayern e.V.
(https://www.heilpraktikerverband-bayern.de/heilpraktikerverband/pdf/150_jahre.pdf)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College established. Closed 1890.
1852
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
301 homeopaths in NY; by 1899 there were 1203 homeopaths.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
John Harvey Kellogg, MD. (d. 1943) American businessman, inventor, and physician who was also a Seventh Day Adventist and an advocate of liberal theology. He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, which had been founded by members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. While known for the cereal food company he founded and perhaps less so the Sanitarium, Kellogg was active in many related fields over half a century. He secured a patent for the first ‘health food’ cereal (1895), built residential retreat centers combining diet, exercise and water cure, and organized early conferences on eugenics. Many of his concerns and recommendations paralleled the healthy living protocols (and moralistic underpinnings) of the Hygienic movement and then the emerging naturopathic profession. Kellogg’s relationship with naturopaths was often contentious.
His numerous influential professional and popular books include The Home Hand-Book of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine (1880, 1886, 1899), Rational Hydrotherapy (1903), Light Therapeutics (1910), Needed – A New Human Race Official Proceedings: Vol. I, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment (1914), The Eugenics Registry Official Proceedings: Vol II, Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Race Betterment (1915), Autointoxication or Intestinal Toxemia (1922), Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills (1923), New Dietetics: A Guide to Scientific Feeding in Health and Disease (1923), and Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner (1929).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Metropolitan Medical College founded in New York City, NY; Eclectic; charter revoked, 1862.
1853
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
A Plea for the Botanic Practice of Medicine. John Skelton. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [GH]
First known promotion of Australian materia medica after herbalist, George Blaker, reports to German colleagues his self-cure of rheumatism after sleeping under fresh gum leaves (eucalypt). First description of an Australian indigenous herb into the Western botanical materia medica.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PM][MC]
Anti-Vaccination League founded in London in response to the Vaccination Act of 1853 that made vaccination compulsory under threat of fine or imprisonment.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American College of Medicine founded in Philadelphia, PA; becomes part of Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia, 1856; absorbed Pennsylvania Medical College, 1863; became Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, 1865; closed, 1880.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
New York Hydropathic and Physiological School founded, New York City, NY, by Russell Trall, MD; “hydropathic and physiological school” with pioneering four-year curriculum; nearly half of early enrollees were women; women MDs prominent on faculty; becomes New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College, 1857; closed, 1864.
1854
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Treatise on the Eclectic Southern Practice of Medicine. J. Cam Massie, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Key to the Materia Medica, or, Comparative Pharmacodynamics. Adolph von Lippe, MD (1812-1888).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The American Eclectic Dispensatory. John King, MD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The American Eclectic Practice of Medicine. Vol. 1 and 2. Ichabod G. Jones, MD. Eclectic Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. **
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Practice of Medicine. W. Byrd Powell, MD.*
1855
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Publication of The American Dispensatory. John King, MD; 5th edition 1859. Classic 1905 edition edited by Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][PL][LR][MC]
The American Medical Association institutes an aggressive application of “consultation clause” in its code of ethics (1847) stating that orthodox physicians will lose AMA membership if they consult with a homeopath or any other “irregular” practitioner.
1856
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
(Leopold) Emanuel Felke (d. 1926). Protestant pastor, known as “the clay vicar.” Introduced loam baths to nature cure movement; contributes to development iridology and complex homeopathy; student of Priessnitz and Kneipp, influenced by Hahnemann and Paracelsus. Felke Cure used natural interventions such as light, air, clay, etc. and considered health determinants in supporting innate self-healing.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Eclectic Medical Journal of Philadelphia. Ed., William Paine, later John Buchanan.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Water-Cure in America: Over three hundred cases of various diseases treated with water by Drs. Wesselhoeft, Shew, Bedortha, Shieferdecker, Trall, Nichols, and others: With cases of domestic practice: Designed for popular as well as professional reading. H.F. Phinney, ed. New York: Fowler and Wells. *
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM]
Russell T. Trall, MD, uses term ‘naturepathy’ in “Hygeiopathy,” an editorial in The Water-Cure Journal, March 1856. (Herbert Shelton, Natural Hygiene, p. 77.)
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania founded in Philadelphia, PA; closure, 1880.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates, 1857; merges with Eclectic Medical Institute, 1859.
1857
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Epitome of the American Eclectic Practice of Medicine, embracing pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Containing, also, a complete list of the remedies used by allopathists, homeopathists, and hydropathists, and an eclectic pharmacy and glossary. Designed for physicians, the student of medicine, and as a domestic practice for families. William Paine, MD.*
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PM][GH]
Matilde Montoya Lafragua, MD (d. 1938). First female physician and homeopath in Mexico. At age 16, she receives the title of midwife, soon aspires to earning a medical degree. After several challenges to her admission she graduates from National School of Medicine as Doctor of Surgery and Obstetrics; President Diaz and his wife appeared in person to congratulate her. She studied homeopathy on her own and with other practitioners.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Botanic Medical College founded in Memphis, TN; becomes Eclectic Medical Institute, 1859. Closure, 1861.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [LR][AC]
New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College, “hydropathic and physiological school” authorized to confer MD degree by state legislature; closed, 1864.
1859
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Adolph Just (d. 1936). German nature cure practitioner; founder of renowned sanatorium Jungborn in Eckertal; promotes self-care, healthy living, “earth” as healing force. Major influence on Benedict Lust and other early naturopaths, especially through his Return to Nature (1900).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
American Medical Botany, and Nature in Disease. Jacob Bigelow, MD. A pioneering botanical book in the U.S.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Victor G. Rocine, DSc (d. 1943). Norwegian homeopath and biochemist moved to Chicago, then Portland, OR. Developed constitutional nutrition system; publishes many books, including Chemical Diagnosis: BioChemistry, Foods and Chemicals, Heads, Faces, Types, Races, and Mind Training which influenced Leo Verbon, W.H. Pyott, Bernard Jensen and other naturopaths; precedes study of genetic expression.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery formed through a split from Eclectic Medical Institute.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][MC]
Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Chicago founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1861; merged with Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, 1904; closed after a failed merger with Northwestern in 1921.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri founded in St. Louis, MO; first graduates, 1860. Absorbs Hering Medical College and St. Louis College of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons, 1882. Closure, 1909.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Physio-Medical Institute chartered in Cincinnati, OH; later moves to Chicago, IL. and becomes Physio-Medical Institute of Chicago; closed, 1885.
1860-1869
1860
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
Johann Heinrich Lahmann, MD (d. 1905). Student of Schroth and Priessnitz; founded famous sanitarium, developed five special diets based on patient conditions. “Dr. Lahmann, of Dresden, was one of the first to perceive the basic importance of the mineral elements in food at a time when British doctors knew … [little to nothing] … about nutrition…. Lahmann opened his own establishment at Dresden and at this Nature Cure Home, which achieved world-wide fame, made a feature of sun and air baths.” One of the earliest pioneers and proponents of nature cure. (Nature Cure Explained. Alan Moyle. 1950; pp. 75, 90.)
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
American Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Publ., John M. Scudder, MD, and Eli Jones, MD. 12th Edition with numerous revisions, 1898.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
A Monograph of Gelsemium. Edwin A. Hale, MD. First of many publications introducing new and indigenous New World plants into the homeopathic materia medica; first edition of New Remedies published in 1862.
1861
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [GH]
The Victoria Hydropathic Establishment, first Australian hydrotherapy spa, opens in Malvern, Victoria.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Electropathic Institute formed in Philadelphia, PA; moves to Brantford, Ontario, and then Mentor, OH, 1876.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Rudolph Steiner (d. 1925). Visionary, spiritual scientist, educator; founder of Anthroposophy, including biodynamic farming, Waldorf education, and Anthroposophic Medicine, a continuation of the lineages of Paracelsus, European alchemy and spagyric medicine.
1862
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [AI][DP][CK][PM]
Henry Lindlahr, MD (d. 1924). Medical degree received from Illinois College of Medicine. Articulator of foundational natural medicine clinical theory; synthesized, evolved vitalist and nature cure principles, developed a systematic application and clinical therapeutics in multi-volume text, particularly Vol I: Nature Cure: Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure. Founded and operated Lindlahr School of Natural Therapeutics, a seminal school, and the widely recognized sanitarium, Lindlahr Health Resort, in Elmhurst and Chicago, IL. Major influence via his teaching and writing during his career, through Spitler’s Basic Naturopathy (1948), and when his works on nature cure theory and natural therapeutics are republished during the naturopathic profession’s renaissance. Although never an ND, honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM][MC]
Louis Pasteur’s experiments contribute to germ theory of infectious disease causation.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM][HK]
MD Homeopaths operate 110 hospitals, 145 dispensaries, over 30 nursing homes, 62 orphan asylums and retirement homes, and 16 ‘insane asylums’ in the U.S.
1863
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Herald of Health and Water-Cure Journal. Publ., R. Trall, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian principles: adapted as well to the use of families as to that of the practitioner : containing a biographical sketch of Dr. Thomson, propositions illustrative of the philosophy of Thomsonianism, a brief history of the symptoms, peculiarities, and general course of disease in its different forms and varieties : with practical directions for administering the Thomsonian medicines, including the various methods of administering vapour baths, emetics, &c., and a materia medica adapted to the book. John W. Comfort.*
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Michigan School of Homeopathy and Surgery founded in Detroit; closure date unknown.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [MC]
The New York Medical College for Women, founded by Clemence Sophia Lozier, MD, opened in November, 1863, as a homeopathic medical school; first graduates, 1864; renamed New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, 1866; students transferred to New York Medical College, 1918.
1864
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
“Ancient and modern eclecticism in medicine: an address delivered before the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of New York, June 8, 1864.” Robert S. Newton, MD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Eclectic Practice of Medicine. John Milton Scudder, MD. Many revisions until final in 1906.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
New Remedies: Their Pathogenetic Effects and Therapeutical Application … Edwin M. Hale, MD. Key work in integrating western hemisphere plants into homeopathic materia medica and practice. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Lloyd Library and Museum founded by John Uri Lloyd in Cincinnati, OH; unrivaled botanical library and pharmacy museum.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PM][HK][MC]
Roberta Lee Crumpler, MD. (1831-1895). Graduates from New England Female Medical College to become the first African American woman to receive MD. Cared for indigent, poor communities. Wrote Book of Medical Discourses addressing life development and ‘treating of the cause, prevention, and cure’ of infants, women and children’s common ailments.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM][MC]
Franz Schonenberger (d. 1933). One of the first university professors of nature cure methods in Berlin, Prussia.
1865
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Joseph Lister, MD (1827-1912). Often acclaimed as “father of modern surgery”, develops the practice of antiseptic surgery while working as a surgeon at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. While treating patients with compound fracture injuries he sterilized surgical instruments, the patient’s skin, incisions, dressings and the surgeon’s hands using carbolic acid spray (phenol). This procedure greatly reduced infections during and after surgery, enabled abdominal and other intracavity surgery, and provided practical application to the discoveries of Ignaz Semmelweis and the germ theory of Louis Pasteur.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Claude Bernard, MD. Translated to English by H.C. Greene. “The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free independent life.” Bernard originated the term milieu intérieur, and, as such, his writings are often viewed as a key articulation of the Terrain Theory school of disease causation. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Who is a homoeopathician?: A lecture delivered before the Hahnemannian Institute, Philadelphia, February 17th, 1865. Adolph von Lippe, MD.*
1866
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [DP]
Jacob W. Crosby practices ‘Naturepathy’ in Boston from at least 1866 until 1880. (The Rational Basis of “Nature Cure.” André Saine, ND. Naturopathic Gathering, SCNM, November 15, 2008.)
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Arnold Ehret (d. 1922). German health educator, botanist, and author of several books on natural healing, vegetarian diet, detoxification, fruitarianism, fasting, food combining, longevity, physical culture, and vitalism. Moves from Germany to U.S. in 1914, settling in California.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][AI][MC]
A Fair Examination and Criticism of All the Medical Systems in Vogue. Alva Curtis, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
In Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology), specifically the section entitled “Oecologie und Chorologie,” and subsequent works, Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) introduces and develops the term “oecologia,” initially in German but derived from the Greek word oikos, meaning “household”. “By ecology, we mean the whole science of the relations of the organism to the environment including, in the broad sense, all the ‘conditions of existence.’ These are partly organic, partly inorganic in nature; both, as we have shown, are of the greatest significance for the form of organisms, for they force them to become adapted.” In so doing, he also pioneered the construction of phylogenetic charts that indicated which groups of species were most closely related in their ecological context.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Principles of Medicine. John Milton Scudder, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Text Book of Materia Medica. Adolph von Lippe, MD.
[PA]Professional Associations
The Homeopathic Medical Society of Pennsylvania founded.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic Medical College of New York City founded in New York City, NY; first graduates, 1867; closed, 1913.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia founded in Philadelphia, PA; first graduates, 1868; merges into Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1869, retained name.
1867
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PL][MC]
Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League formed in England after riots in reaction to the Vaccination Act of 1867. Led by Richard B. Gibbs, resistance focused concern upon the infringement of personal liberty and medical choice. Newsletter, the National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Reporter.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Maximilian Bircher-Benner, MD (d. 1939). Nature cure practitioner in Zurich, Switzerland.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery. Joseph Lister, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Milo Erskine Yergin, MD, ND, DO, DC (d. unknown). Developed analysis and treatment emphasizing nutrition and activity in alignment with natural systems. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
New Remedies: Their Pathogenetic Effects and Therapeutical Application in Homoeopathic Practice. Edwin M.Hale, MD. Further develops integration of western hemisphere herbs into the homeopathic materia medica. *
[PA]Professional Associations [LR]
The Regulars in West Virginia found the West Virginia Medical Society.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American University of Pennsylvania (Eclectic) founded in Philadelphia, PA; closure, 1880.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Constantine Hering, MD, homeopathic physician withdraws from The Homeopathic Medical College ofPennsylvania because he maintained that the teaching of pathology should be included in the curriculum.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [MC]
Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia founded by Constantine Hering, MD; renamed Hahnemann Medical College in honor of Samuel Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy, in 1869. Became Hahnemann University in 1982. Drexel University board of trustees voted unanimously to merge Hahnemann University with Drexel, 2002.
1868
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][AI]
Joe Shelby Riley, DO, DC, ND (d. 1947). Plays major role in early naturopathic (and chiropractic) educational institutions and professional organizations; popularized Zone Therapy. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Louisa Stroebele Lust, ND (d. 1925). Studied nature cure methods of Rikli and Kuhne in London prior to coming to America, where she founded Bellevue Kneipp Sanatorium in Butler, NJ (1896) and married Benedict Lust (1901). Successful naturopathic physician who specialized in the treatment of women; leading financial partner in establishing sanatoria in New Jersey and Florida; financed establishment of first naturopathic college. Practice emphasized diet, hydrotherapy and other hygienic approaches.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Bernarr Macfadden, originally Bernard Adolphus McFadden (d. 1955). Founder of physical culture movement, a combination of bodybuilding, nutrition and health principles; author, editor, and publishing manager responsible for many publications, including among the largest circulation periodicals in the U.S. His home study program popularized exercise, diet, health-promoting living. Director of several Healthatorium spas.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Bennett Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1870. 1909, renamed Bennett Medical College. 1910-1915, absorbed by Loyola University.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Homeopathic Medical College for Women founded in Cleveland, OH; first graduates, 1870. 1870, merged with Homeopathic Hospital College.
1869
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Practice in Diseases of Children. John Milton Scudder, MD. Revised, 1881.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Physio-Medical Dispensatory. William Cook, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Thermodietetics. Arnold Rikli. Espouses therapeutic value of light, air, and sunbath.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][MC]
Rudolf Virchow at the gathering of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Naturforscher und Ärzte: “The skillfulness (of a physician) consists therein, that he is able to prevent, abolish, remove and neutralise all those unnatural conditions which have developed, the abnormal situations which have arisen, that means the causes of the disease and that he because of the knowledge that has been provided by physiology and by the serious study of pathology assures that he by extending this very knowledge himself can intervene and thereby achieve that the organs of the organism can function again regularly.” The emergence of these theories of cellular pathology are considered by some as the decisive end of Humoral medicine. (Virchow, R. Über die heutige Stellung der Pathologie. 55:89.)
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [AC]PL][MC]
Germany introduces the General Free Treatment Decree allowing all medical practitioners to practice. Practitioners subsequently organized their respective professional associations.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Faculties of Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann Medical College overcome their disagreements to reunite under Hahnemann name; rebuild the hospital, chartered as the Homeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
St. Louis College of Homeopathic Medicine founded in St. Louis, MO; suspended 1871-1880; merged with Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, 1882.
[GH] Gaian Health Emergence [PL][AI][MC]
Mohandas K. Gandhi (d. 1948). Indian anti-colonial Satyagraha activist, humanist; strong proponent of naturopathy and other traditions of natural medicine; organized related national and international activities. Gandhi revived naturopathy in India by founding Nisargopachar Ashram Naturopathic Center in Pune, India in 1946 (future home of the National Institute of Naturopathy, founded in 1986); later collaborating with Nature Cure Hospital and Gandhi Naturopathy Medical College, where Gandhi described 156 days conducting “research” on naturopathy.
1870-1879
1870
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
Susan Maria McKinney Steward, MD, (1847-1918) became the first female African-American homeopathic physician in the state of New York after earning her medical degree at The New York Medical College for Women; that year she also opened her private clinic in Brooklyn, which she ran from 1870 to 1895. Steward co-founded the Brooklyn Women’s Homeopathic Hospital and Dispensary. In 1898, she became a resident physician and faculty member at Wilberforce University in Ohio. She was also engaged in local missionary work and women’s suffrage advocacy and served as president of the Brooklyn Women’s Christian Temperance Union. In 1911 she addressed the first Universal Race Congress at the University of London.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
How to Treat the Sick Without Medicine. James C. Jackson, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Specific Medication and Specific Medicines. John Milton Scudder, MD. Influential pharmacy and prescribing system.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Weston A. Price, DDS (d. 1948). Pioneered study of correlation between diet, dental decay and physical degeneration. After observing patients in his American dental practice he investigated the diets of indigenous peoples with excellent teeth, particularly Gaelic Outer Hebrides peoples, Eskimos and Native Americans, Melanesian and Polynesian South Sea Islanders, Australian Aboriginal, and New Zealand Maori communities, and documented a correlation between poor nutrition, non-indigenous diets and dental caries, deformed dental arches, crowded, crooked teeth, and physical degeneration. “Wherever he went, Dr. Price found that beautiful straight teeth, freedom from decay, stalwart bodies, resistance to disease and fine characters were typical of native peoples on their traditional diets, rich in essential food factors.” (The Weston A. Price Foundation, www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/nutrition-greats/weston-a-price-dds/, accessed 11/15/2018.)
1871
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Lectures on Diseases of the Heart: with a Materia Medica of the New Heart Remedies. Edwin M. Hale, MD. (2nd enlarged edition 1877). *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Walter B. Cannon, MD, (d. 1945). Graduate, Harvard Medical School, 1900. “Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions,” Influenced by Claude Bernard, Cannon becomes a major influence on psychosomatic medicine and on key 20th century naturopaths such as Robert. V. Carroll, Sr. and William Turska. Introduced ‘flight or fight’ response, “sympathico-adrenal system” concepts, physiological changes based on emotion; later summarized in Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage (1915). Advanced understanding of dynamic complexity of chemical neurotransmission systems, ‘homeostasis’ (coined by Cannon in 1926). In 1928, Cannon increased attention to clinical implications of his physiological discoveries. “All that I have done thus far in reviewing the various protective and stabilizing devices of the body is to present a modern interpretation of the natural vis medicatrix.” (“Walter B. Cannon, L.J. Henderson, and the Organic Analogy,”; S.T. Cross and W.R. Albury. Osiris, 1987).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Detroit Homeopathic Medical College founded in Detroit, MI; closed, 1876.
1872
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The True Healing Art: or, Hygienic vs. Drug Medication: An Address Delivered in the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. Russell T. Trall, MD. *
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][HK][CK][PA][PL][AI]
Benedict Lust, MD, DO, DC, ND (d. 1945). Born in Michelbach, Germany; founder, leader, and champion of naturopathy as both a broad social reform movement for health-promoting culture and as a distinct medical profession. Visionary, publisher, promoter, and social activist, with his wife Louisa Stroebele Lust, ND. After initially advocating naturopathy primarily as an inclusive broad social movement of popular education, healthy living and natural medicine he moved toward proposing naturopaths as a ‘new’ physician-level profession practicing a traditionally-grounded and innovative medical synthesis. Naturopathy’s most visible U.S. leader from its emergence through early institutional formation into mid-century crisis amidst conflict with colleagues emphasizing a democratic professional association, high educational standards and professional licensing. Initially espoused “Natural Living Laws” and Therapeutic Universalism, integrating therapies from diverse drugless schools of thought and practice based on core naturopathic principles but later more restrictive and proprietary. Founded American School of Naturopathy (1901) and American Naturopathic Association (1919); publisher of The Naturopath and Herald of Health. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Pulte Medical College (Homeopathic) founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates 1873; merges with the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College to form Cleveland-Pulte Medical College, 1910.
1873
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Dinshah P. Ghadiali (d. 1966). Inventor of the Spectro-Chrome System: focusing light through colored glass of specific frequencies. Through extensive documented research published in Visible Spectrum Researcher he claimed that his instrument “acts upon the Physical Body, not by absorption or penetration, but by a process of Reinforcement or Interference on the Radio Emanations of the Chemical Body, called the Aura or the AuricVehicle.” Significant influence on contemporary and later color therapy and light therapeutics used by G.S. White, M.B. DeJarnette, P. Wendel, other practitioners in the mid-20th century. Subject to attacks based on race and therapeutics, he was often arrested; his research facility was destroyed by arson.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP][PA][AI]
Fredrick W. Collins, MD, DO, ND, PhC (d. 1948). Embraced eclectic aspects of naturopathic medicine. Educator and activist, influential in national professional organizations and educational institutions, established the first naturopathic charity clinic. Founder, First National University of Naturopathy; known for widely used Universal Naturopathic Tonic Technique (UNTT). Nominated to run for president of the United States. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Characteristics of the New Remedies. Edwin M. Hale, MD. Further development of clinical application of plants from North America into homeopathic materia medica.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Medical Eclectic Journal. Publ., A. Wilder, MD, and R.S. Newton, MD; later Ed., John Scudder, MD.
[PA]Professional Associations [LR][MC]
Medical Society of Washington Territory forms, with one of seven physicians being an “irregular,” soon excluded by Regulars.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Arizona (Arizona Territorial Act).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American Medical College; Eclectic. 1910, drops Eclectic medicine; merges with Barnes Medical College in 1911.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Physio-Medical College of Indiana founded in Indianapolis, IN; closed, 1909.
1874
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Abridged Therapeutics Founded Upon Histology and Cellular Pathology: With an Appendix, Giving Special Directions for the Application of the Inorganic Cell Salts, and Indications of the Underlying Condition of Morbid States of Tissue; Biochemic Method of Successfully Treating Disease. Wilhelm Heinrich Schüssler (Schuessler) was a German medical doctor and naturopath. He introduced twelve biochemic ’tissue salts’ or ‘cell salts’, intended to redress perceived bodily deficiencies or metabolic impediments in one mineral or another.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM]
Andrew Taylor Still (d.1917). Introduced the principles of osteopathy and founded the profession of osteopathy in the United States. Advanced philosophy of prevention of disease and treating causes vs. symptoms of disease. Emphasized principles more than techniques, especially the centrality of restoring fluid dynamics to correct dysfunction, restore healthy function, and cure disease.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][PA]
Physio-Medical Journal and Reform Advocate. Founded, Indiana State Physio-Medical Convention.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Specific Diagnosis: A Study of Disease with Special Reference to the Administration of Remedies. John Milton Scudder, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Reproductive Organs and Venereal Diseases and Specific Diagnosis. John Milton Scudder, MD.
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM]
Use of the title “Naturaepathic Physician” by Dr. Darrin of Rochester, NY.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Missouri.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
St. Louis Eclectic Medical College founded in St. Louis, MO; closed, 1883.
1875
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PM][MC]
Carl Gustav Jung, MD (d. 1960). Swiss psychologist, psychiatrist founded analytic psychology, diverging from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. Jung proposed, developed concepts of extraverted and introverted personality, archetypal patterns, collective unconscious. Work influential in psychiatry, study of religion, literature, and related fields; advocated reexamination of myth, art, dreams, astrology and alchemical processes in clinical practice. Psychologische Typen (1921; Psychological Types, 1923) differentiated four mind functions — thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition — which predominate in any given individual. Other influential works include Modern Man in Search of a Soul (1933), Psychology and Religion (1938); Psychologie und Alchemie (1944; Psychology and Alchemy); and Aion: Untersuchungen zur Symbolgeschichte (1951; Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self). His Erinnerungen, Träume, Gedanken (1962; Memories, Dreams, Reflections) provided popular semi-autobiographical exploration and prelude to the release of the revelatory Liber Novus (“the Red Book”) in 2009.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Materia Medica and Special Therapeutics of the New Remedies. Edwin M. Hale, MD. (2 volumes). **
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [MC]
University of Michigan Homeopathic Medical School founded in Ann Arbor, MI; first graduates, 1877; merged into University of Michigan Medical School, 1922.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [AI][MC]
Michigan legislature votes to fund a new hospital as long as two homeopathic professors are allowed to teach at University of Michigan.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Nevada.
1876
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in California.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Vermont.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
American Eclectic Medical College founded in Cincinnati, OH; closure, 1896.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Chicago Homeopathic Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1877; merges with Hahnemann Medical College, 1877. Physio-Eclectic Medical College founded in Cincinnati, OH; closure, 1879.
1877
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Georgia Eclectic Medical College founded in Atlanta, GA; acquires charter of College of American Medicine and Surgery, 1844. Renamed Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 1886. Closure, 1916.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Iowa College of Homeopathic Medicine founded in Iowa City, IA; closure date unknown.
1878
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM]
James Ross, MD, publishes “Are There Laws of Therapeutics?” in The Practitioner reviewing disputes between homeopaths and allopaths.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Cherokee and Choctaw Nations in Indian Territory.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Indiana College of Medicine and Midwifery founded in Indianapolis, IN; closure, 1888.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Ellis Reynolds Shipp, MD, graduates from the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah.
1879
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][DP]
Otis G. Carroll, ND, SP (d. 1962). Influential and widely respected practitioner, teacher of nature cure therapies; pioneered food intolerance testing, naturopathic physiotherapy, constitutional hydrotherapy during 50 years of practice in Spokane, WA.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica. Constantine Hering, MD. Ten-volume series of clinical works, principally a collection of cured cases and symptoms, completed in 1891 after his death.
[PL]Governmental Policy and Legislation [PM][MC]
Anti-Vaccination Society of America founded after a visit to New York by William Tebb, British anti-vaccinationist. New England Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League forms in 1882; Anti-Vaccination League of New York City forms in 1885.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Kansas and Texas.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Buffalo College of Rational Medicine founded in Buffalo, NY; Homeopathic; also known as College of Physicians and Surgeons; closure date unknown.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
California Medical College established in Oakland; first graduates, 1880; renamed California Eclectic Medical College in San Francisco, 1906; moved to Los Angeles, CA. Closure, 1915.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL]
Homeopathic College of Physicians and Surgeons founded in Buffalo, NY; first graduates, 1880; becomes College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1880. Closed by Supreme Court of the State of New York, 1884; diplomas legalized by special act of New York Legislature.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Missouri Eclectic Medical College founded in Kansas City, MO, (187X); closure, 1898.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons chartered. Degree program operated until about 1920 when closed in response to overwhelming competition with St. Louis University and Washington University, local conventional medical colleges. Charter revoked June 7, 1927.
1880-1889
1880
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [GH][MC]
Elisabeth Kenny (d. 1952). A self-trained bush nurse from Warialda, New South Wales, Australia develops a regime to improve polio patient outcomes using hot packs, massage and physical therapy; these principles of muscle rehabilitation became the foundation of physical therapy for such patients.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][AI]
John Lydon, SP (d. 1963). Controversial “Father of Sanipractic;” first President of Washington Board of Drugless Examiners; founder of American University of Sanipractic, Seattle, WA, and The Sanipractic Magazine.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Georgia Eclectic Medical Journal. Ed., Joseph Adolphus.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Supplement to the American Dispensatory. John King and John U. Lloyd.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Home Hand-Book of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine. John H. Kellogg, MD. Revised 1886, 1899.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic Medical College of Maine founded in Lewiston, ME; 1887, charter revoked.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Hering Medical College founded in St. Louis, MO; 1882, merges with Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Michigan Eclectic Medical College founded in Detroit, MI; closure date unknown.
1881
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Discoveries in the field of Natural Science and Medicine: Instruction in the study of Diagnosis from the Eye. Hungarian physician-Dr. Ignatz von Peczely (1822-1911), considered by T. Kriege as the “true discoverer of Iris diagnosis in its present form”.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Massachusetts Eclectic Medical Journal. Eds., Horace. G. Barrows, MD, and G. Hermann Merkel, MD. Ceased publication in 1885.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Colorado.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PA][PL][MC]
West Virginia Medical Society (Regular MDs) push for state licensing law adopted by the state legislature as the Board of Health Act that requires an education at a Regular school, effectively excluding homeopathic, Eclectic and Physiomedicalist MDs from practicing in West Virginia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Curtis Physio-Medical Institute founded in Marion, IL; moved to Indianapolis, IN under new charter, 1893; moves back to Marion, 1894; closure, 1900.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Hahnemann Medical College of the Pacific founded in San Francisco, CA; first graduates, 1884; closure, 1915.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Iowa Eclectic Medical College, the Medical Department of Drake University founded in Des Moines, IA; renamed Iowa Medical College, Eclectic, 1883; closure, 1887.
1882
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][AC]
Bartlett J. (B.J.) Palmer, DC (d. 1961) “The Developer” of chiropractic and son of D.D. Palmer. Key influence in professional formation of chiropractic.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Thomas T. Lake, ND, DC (d. 1950). Pioneered drugless psychiatry and multidisciplinary collaboration; developed Mechano-Neural Therapy, Neuropathy and Endo-Nasal therapy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
California Homoeopath. Ed., Wm. Boericke, MD. San Francisco, CA.
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][PL][LR]
Robert (Bob) V. Carroll Sr., ND (d. 1951). Leader of the profession nationally and in the Pacific Northwest region, prominent in the emergence of the American Naturopathic Association, Inc. (“West”). Key leader in a group that introduced organizational restructuring and pushed Benedict Lust out of his “President for Life” position within the ANA at San Diego convention in 1935. Strong ally of W.A. Budden, A.R. Hedges, W. Martin Bleything, and Henry Schlichting in the broad-scope “mixer” DC/ND community, which was often in conflict with Benedict Lust and his brother, O.G. Carroll, regarding education and professionalization.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][MC]
Leonard Medical School, Medical Department Shaw University founded in Raleigh, NC; first graduates, 1886; first U.S. four-year medical school; African American College; closure, 1918.
1883
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Louis Kuhne opens a clinic for natural therapies in Leipzig, Germany.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Henry Robert Harrower, MD (d. 1934). Early figure in endocrinology and glandular therapy. Authored many pioneering texts, including The Internal Secretions in Practical Medicine (1917) and Practical Organotherapy; the Internal Secretions in General Practice (1920).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM]
Les microzymas dans leurs rapports avec l’hétérogénie, l’histogénie, la physiologie et la pathologie. Antoine Béchamp, MD. Terrain theory of disease causation.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [GH]
On Plants Used by the Natives of North Queensland, Flinders and Mitchell Rivers, for Food, Medicine, etc, etc., a Treatise on Indigenous Medicines. Ed., Edward Palmer. Publ., Royal Society of New South Wales, Australia.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The American Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics. John Milton Scudder, MD.*
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Beach Medical College founded in Indianapolis, IN; renamed Beach Medical Institute, 1884; first graduates, 1885; merged with Indiana Eclectic Medical College, 1886.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
King Eclectic Medical College founded in Des Moines, IA; closure, 1889.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Eclectic Department founded in Lincoln, NE; closure, 1885.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Homeopathic Department founded in Lincoln, NE; closure, 1887.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Woman’s Medical College founded in St. Louis, MO; homeopathic; closure, 1884.
1884
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
American Clinical Climatology Journal of Balneotherapy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Casimir Funk (d. 1967) Polish biochemist who formulates concept of vitamins in 1911 as “vital amines” or “vitamines.” He identified deficiency disorders such as beriberi and scurvy that could be cured by vitamins.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Drugs and Medicines of North America: a publication devoted to the historical and scientific discussion of botany, pharmacy, chemistry and therapeutics of the medical plants of North America, their constituents, products and sophistications … v. 1-2; [Apr. 1884-June 1887]. John Uri Lloyd and C. G. Lloyd.*
1885
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
- Wallace Anderson, MD. Translates Hippokrates’ original Greek Νούσων φύσιες ίητροί as “Our natures are the physicians of our diseases” in his “Introductory Address at the Opening of the Session in the Royal Infirmary School of Medicine: On the Vis Medicatrix Naturae.” *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
Royal Lee, DDS (d. 1967). Pioneering food chemist and author. Developed protomorphogen therapy, using animal derived glandular substances and enzymatic processing, in theory, to provide genetic blueprints and raw materials to facilitate cell-type production of healthy cells.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Complete Herbalist, or, The people their own physicians by the use of nature’s remedies: describing the great curative properties found in the herbal kingdom; a new and plain system of hygienic principles together with comprehensive essays on sexual philosophy, marriage, divorce, &c. O. Phelps Brown. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Chicago Physio-Medical Institution founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1886; renamed Chicago Physio-Medical College, 1891; absorbs Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery (Physio-Medical) and became College of Medicine and Surgery (Physio-Medical), 1899; merged with Physio-Medical College of Dallas, TX, 1908; absorbed by Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, 1911.
1885 (-1886)
[GH]Gaian Health Emergence
After training under Louis Kuhne, Acharya Puccha Venkata Ramaiah returns to India to promote the practice of naturopathy.
1886
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Journal of Balneology. Ed., Simon Baruch, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Meine Wasserkur (My Water Cure: Tested for more than 35 years and published for the Cure of Diseases and the Preservation of Health). Sebastian Kneipp. First English translation, 1891.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
“The non-materialistic character of the mind; the doctorate address delivered at the commencement exercises of Bennett Medical College, March 23, 1886.” Finley Ellingwood, MD.*
[PA]Professional Associations [PM][LR][PL][AI]
(Alvin) R. Hedges, DC, ND (d. 1978). Practiced with Louise Hedges, DC, ND, in Medford, OR, beginning in 1911. Activist and ally of W.A. Budden, Robert Carroll (Sr.), Henry Schlichting and others, especially dual degree DC/NDs, in Oregon, the Pacific Northwest and nationally. Served on Oregon Board of Naturopathic Examiners, 1931-1933. Active in the Oregon Naturopathic Association as well as Oregon Chiropractic Association and later the mixer Oregon Association of Chiropractic Physicians. In 1949 elected as second vice president of ANA (West) and first vice president from 1950 to 1953, when the organization became the American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Association (ANPSA) in 1951. Hedges was editor of the Journal of the American Naturopathic Association, 1950 and then of Journal of the ANPSA where he actively promoted “supporting the vital force.” Hedges served as ANPSA president 1953-1955.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
The practice of medicine and surgery becomes regulated in British Columbia under the Medical Act. Under this statutory monopoly only conventional “allopathic” and homeopathic MD physicians can be employed by any hospital or provincial public service. Concurrently, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia founded.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Iowa.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][MC]
Minnesota Homeopathic Medical College founded in Minneapolis, MN; becomes Homeopathic Medical Department of the University of Minnesota, 1888; first graduates 1889; abolished by Board of Regents, 1909.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Naturopathic Institute of Philadelphia, PA, of A. Berlitz, MD, listed in Medical and Surgical Directory of the United States. Publ., R.L. Polk and Co., Detroit, MI; p. 1418.
1887
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
James C. Thomson (d. 1960). Established Nature Cure movement in Scotland, started a clinic in Edinburgh, Scotland; magazine Health for All, 1938.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Australian Botanic Guide, Being a Family Hand-Book of Botanic Treatment. John Broadbent.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Family Physician. John M. Scudder.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Magnetic and Botanic Family Physician, and Domestic Practice of Natural Medicine : with illustrations showing various phases of mesmeric treatment, including full and concise instruction in mesmerism, curative magnetism, massage, and medical botany. D. Younger. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
New York College of Magnetics founded in New York City, NY; closure, 1893.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [MC]
St. Louis Hygienic College of Physicians and Surgeons established by Susannah W. Dodds, MD, and her sister-in-law, Mary Way, MD, in St. Louis, MI; graduated several classes before closing due to lack of funds. “As physicians they have done much for the physical redemption of women.”
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Francis Hare (d. 1928) significantly reduces typhoid mortality at Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, using hydrotherapy; Osler mentions in Principles and Practice of Medicine.
1888
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM]
La théorie du microzyma et le système microbien; lettres a M. le Dr. Édouard Fournié … Précédés d’une préface. Antoine Béchamp, MD.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Natural Method of Healing, a New and Complete Guide to Health. Friedrich Eduard Bilz. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
“Ueber eine merkwürdige Beziehung des Bienenstichs zum Rheumatismus” (“About a Peculiar Connection Between the Bee stings and Rheumatism”). Wiener Medizinische Press by Austrian physician Philipp Terč, MD. (Urban & Schwarzenberg. 29 (35): 1261-1263.) Initiated the modern study of apitherapy, specifically using bee venom.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Kansas City Homeopathic Medical College founded in Kansas City, MO; first graduates, 1889; merged with Hahnemann Medical College of the Kansas City University to form Kansas City Hahnemann Medical College, 1902.
1889
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Dr. Johann Nepomuk Stützle (1858-1938) opens the Jordan bath, the first Kneipp bath outside Wörishofen.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA][AI][CK][PM]
Harry Riley Spitler, DOS, PhD, MD, ND (d. 1961). Contributed to naturopathic education and professional associations; authored Basic Naturopathy as a commissioned codification. Founded and led Ohio State College of Physiatric Medicine in Columbus, OH; Dean, Central States College of Physiatrics until his death. Developed Syntonics light therapy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
NZ Family Herb Doctor. James Neil, a Scottish doctor who trained in the Bennett Eclectic College in the U.S., combines indigenous Maori and European botanical medicines.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Eclectic Medical Gleaner. Edited by William Colby Cooper and W.E. Bloyer, later by Harvey Wickes Felter, and others. Publ., Lloyd Library. Ceased 1912. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Thus Shalt Thou Live! Hints and Advice for the Healthy and the Sick on a Simple and Rational Mode of Life and a Natural Method of Cure. (1894) Sebastian Kneipp.*
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Idaho, North Carolina and Tennessee.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
U.S. Supreme Court decides Dent v. West Virginia. Landmark medical licensing case involving Frank Dent, the petitioner in the case, an Eclectic physician with a MD degree from American Medical Eclectic College of Cincinnati, Ohio. At his trial in 1883 Dent was found guilty of practicing without a medical license. Marmaduke Dent, the defendant’s cousin and attorney, appealed the decision on the grounds that the state could not interfere with a citizen’s right to practice a lawful trade. When the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals heard the case in 1884 and rejected M.H. Dent’s arguments, it was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1885 based on the assertion that the legislation violated Dent’s rights under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. However, the high court unanimously upheld the West Virginia statue: “No one has a right to practice medicine without having the necessary qualifications of learning and skill, and the statute only requires that whoever assumes, by offering to the community his services as a physician, that he possesses such learning and skill shall present evidence of it by a certificate or license from ….” According to David Korostyshevsky’s review of James C. Mohr’s definitive text the licensure legislation was not a response to popular demands for regulation, but rather “a consciously engineered policy, drafted and passed through the concerted efforts of a specific subset of physicians, the elite Regulars’ of the Medical Society of West Virginia (156 of Mohr). Mohr also challenges the interpretation that medical licensing was a response to the growing complexity of scientific medicine. Because scientific medicine did not produce tangible results until the 1930s, the push for medical licensing is a consequence of economic and political factors, not strictly scientific ones. Finally, Mohr shows that the Supreme Court upheld a version of medical licensing that relied on the quality of a physician’s education as the only measure of competence…” (Korostyshevsky, David. (2016) “James C. Mohr. Licensed to Practice: The Supreme Court Defines the American Medical Profession. Reviewed by David Korostyshevsky.” J Hist Med Allied Sci. Jul; 71(3): 367-369; Mohr, James C. (2013) Licensed to Practice: The Supreme Court Defines the American Medical Profession.)
1890-1899
1890
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Die Grundlehren der Naturheilkunde (The Basic Teachings of Naturheilkunde). Arnold Rikli.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato publish their discovery that graduated doses of sterilized broth cultures of diphtheria or of tetanus bacilli caused test animals to produce, in their blood, substances which could neutralize the toxins produced by such bacilli; these findings applied to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. In 1901 Von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work on Serum Therapy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Koch’s Postulates published in final, refined version. Initially formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in1884, based on preceding concepts articulated by Jakob Henle. Mechanism of infectious disease postulated as primarily due to a “pathogenic” microbe.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing law enacted in Washington with irregular practitioners on board of examiners; includes “drugless practice;” in petition to governor Washington Medical Society acknowledged that one-eighth of practitioners in state were irregulars.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Florida and Washington.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Eclectic College of Physicians and Surgeons founded in Indianapolis, IN; closure, 1894.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Lincoln Medical College founded in Lincoln, NE; becomes Medical Department of Cotner University, 1911; renamed Lincoln Medical College, Eclectic, 1915; closure date unknown.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southern Homeopathic Medical College founded in Baltimore, MD; renamed Atlantic Medical College, 1907; closed, 1910.
1891
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
August Reinhold opens clinic in New York City, NY, practicing Kneipp treatment, Bilz’s methods, and other therapeutic modalities.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Handbuch der Naturheilkunde auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage: sowie nach eigenen langjahrigen Erfahrungen. August Kühner.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Principles of Medicine as Applied to Dynamical Therapeutics: Designed as an Introduction to the Study of Eclectic Medicine. Herbert T. Webster, MD. *
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National Homeopathic Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1892; becomes National Medical University, 1900; declared not in good standing by Illinois State Board of Health, 1909.
1892
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM]
Louis Kuhne (d. 1901). Wrote Die neue Heilwissenschaft: oder die Lehre von der Einheit der Krankheiten und deren darauf begründete einheitliche, arzneilose und operationslose Heilung: ein Lehrbuch und Ratgeber für Gesunde und Kranke. (Science of Healing without Medicine and without Operations.) Originally published in Leipzig, Germany; later translated and published in the United States as The New Science of Healing (1899) and later (1917) by Benedict Lust as Neo-Naturopathy: The New Science of Healing or The Doctrine of Unity of Diseases.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Die Naturheilmethode: Geschichte, Bedeutung, Technik, Anwendung, Heilwirkung, etc. Carl Reiss, MD. [German] *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Ruth B. Drown, DC (d. 1965). Controversial proponent of radionics, practiced in Los Angeles, CA; invented the Drown Radio-Vision Instrument in 1935, Drown extended Albert Abrams research in applying electronic therapies (“radionics”) to subtle body phenomena underlying physical pathology using her instruments. Her esoteric teachings, experimental methods, and legendary devices were widely used by exploratory clinicians starting in the1930s but dramatically suppressed by authorities. Wrote The Science and Philosophy of the Drown Radio Therapy (1938) and The Theory and Technique of the Drown Radio Therapy and Radio Vision Instruments (1939). In 1963 she was arrested by the California State Bureau of Food and Drug Inspection and died awaiting trial for her medical practices; nevertheless, her work influenced later development of electronic analysis and therapeutic technologies.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated and Descriptive Guide to Plants Indigenous to and Naturalized in the United States Which are Used in Medicine, Their Description, Origin, History, Preparation, Chemistry and Physiological Effects Fully Described … (2 volumes). Charles F. Millspaugh.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PA][AI][PM]
Stanley Lief, ND, DO, DC (d. 1963). England’s foremost naturopath and founder of British Naturopathic Association (BNA) and British College of Naturopathy and Osteopathy (BCNO); founded Champneys, a world famous natural health retreat; introduced Neuromuscular Technique, further developed with Boris Chaitow, DC, DO, ND (1907-1995), based on a traditional Asian technique, taught by Dr. Dewanchand Varma (ca. 1861-1950), an Ayurvedic physician working in Paris.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Uses of Water in Modern Medicine, Simon Baruch, MD. *
[DP]Definitions, Principles, Theories and Ethics [PM][PA]
Sophie Scheel, a homeopath and faculty member at a homeopathic college, studied homeopathy with Benedict Lust, often credited with originating the term “naturopathy” based on combining “nature cure” and “homeopathy.” Her husband, John Scheel, MD, a water curist and homeopath, secured commercial rights to the term. Some sources date as 1895 or 1896, while other uses of the term or similar terms date as early as the 1850s.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
American School of Osteopathy founded in Kirksville, MO, by Andrew Taylor Still; later renamed A.T. Still School of Osteopathy and Surgery.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Hering Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1893; absorbed Dunham Medical College, 1902; closure, 1913.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Southwestern Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital founded in Louisville, KY; first graduates, 1894; closure, 1910.
1893
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
While a member of a church choir, Benedict Lust visits Butler, New Jersey, where he meets Rev. Albert Stroebele.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Arkansas Eclectic Medical Journal. Publ., W.L. Leister.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
The Nature Cure by Physical and Mental Methods: A bridge from the old to the new, the dawn of a new day in medical practice, a clear, short-cut treatise on the cause and cure of disease, the light turned on. M.E. Conger. *
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Connecticut, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania and South Dakota.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Hygeia Medical College founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates, 1895; closure, 1899.
1894
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Benedict Lust travels to Germany for eight months with Kneipp and then returned to New York, before returning to Germany in 1895. “In August, 1894 I resigned my position at the Savoy and boarded the good ship Trave for Germany for my first meeting with Father Sebastian Kneipp who was to influence my life and give birth to an integrated Nature Cure movement in America.” (Benedict Lust’s memoir, p. 28)
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Benedict Lust meets Louise Stroebele, sister of Rev. Albert Stroebele, while she was expanding her Bellevue Sanitarium.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [LR][PA]
Leo Verbon, ND (d. 1950±). Influential in Oregon, regional and national profession, ally of Robert V. Carroll, Sr., in the American Naturopathic Association, Inc. (“West”). After becoming a student of prominent Rosicrucian R. Swinburne Clymer (who taught Thomsonian and Physiomedicalist traditions), Verbon moved to Washington state. However, in the late 1920s the Washington Supreme Court ruled that his Church of Illumination did not protect him from prosecution for practicing medicine without a license. In 1930 he relocated the Church of Illumination to Portland, OR, where in 1936 he became director of Spaulding General Hospital with a focus on nutrition and cancer research. In 1939, the hospital became “Dr. Verbon’s Naturopathic Hospital”. He lectured often on the nutritional system of Victor Rocine and was an associate of Harry Hoxsey.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Art and Science of Nature’s Healing. George Kolb.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][GH]
Nature Cure introduced to India with the translation and popularization of Louis Kuhne’s works into Telugu by Shri D. Venkatachalpaty Sharma; later promoted by M. K. Gandhi.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Physical and Natural Therapeutics: The Remedial Uses of Atmospheric Pressure, Climate, Heat and Cold, Hydrotherapeutic Measures, Mineral Waters, and Electricity. Georges Hayem, MD; Hobart Amory Hare, (Ed.) *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Occult Family Physician and Botanic Guide to Health: Comprising a description of many American and foreign plants, and their medical virtues, with the cause, cure, and prevention of disease : to which is added, an explanation of the hidden forces in nature, with a large number of valuable receipts, the experience of twenty years’ practice. Antonette Matteson. *
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland (amended), New Jersey, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Denver Homeopathic College founded in Denver, CO; closure, 1907.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Illinois Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1895; absorbed by Bennett Medical College, 1910.
1895
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
Benedict Lust took a position for one season at a Sanitarium in Saratoga Springs, NY. While conditions at the facility were “horrible” it was there that he discovered the work of Louis Kuhne and Arnold Rikli and experienced his first successful use of Kneipp’s hydrotherapy on his own brother, Louis.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
John Harvey Kellogg, MD, files for a patent for “Flaked Cereals and Process of Preparing Same” on May 31, 1895, and on April 14, 1896, Patent No. 558,393 is issued.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Louisa Stroebele purchases about 60 acres in Butler, New Jersey from St. Anthony Roman Catholic Church with the help of her brother who lived and served at St. Anthony’s. Rev. Albert Stroebele was instrumental in the selection of the site for Louisa’s retreat center which was initially called Bellevue Kneipp Resort. She had the financial independence that allowed her to buy the property and construct many buildings before she and Benedict were married. Albert Stroebele would also assist significantly in the translation of Adolf Just’s book, A Return to Nature.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Ruth (Hanna) Barnett, DC, ND (d. 1969). A widely-known and controversial physician who was a main regional abortion provider operating in Portland, Oregon, from 1918 to 1968. She performed an estimated 40,000 abortions, despite the illegality, serving women of all economic backgrounds, without any abortion-related deaths. She was first arrested in 1951, was incarcerated many times until, in 1967, an Oregon City jury found her guilty of abortion and she went to prison in February 1968.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][MC]
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen pioneers use of X-rays in medical imaging.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
An Eclectic Compendium of the Practice of Medicine. Lyman Watkins, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP][PM]
- Wallace Anderson, MD, publishes a historical review “On the Vis Medicatrix Naturae” in the Glasgow Medical Journal. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][DP]
Herbert M. Shelton, ND (d. 1985). Developer and champion of natural hygiene systems such as food combining, raw foods, vegetarianism and fasting. Social activist, pacifist and nominee of the American Vegetarian Party as its candidate for President of the United States in 1956. Authored many books, including ‘laws’ and principles of natural hygiene, notably The Hygienic System, Vol. I-IV (1934-1939) and Natural Hygiene: Man’s Pristine Way of Life (1968). Practiced primarily in San Antonio, TX.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Arkansas, Delaware, Indiana, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island and New York (amended).
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Dunham Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; merges with Hering Medical College, 1902.
1896
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Benedict Lust returns to New York City and on September 15th, opens his first business on East 59th Street.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK][PA][AI]
Louisa Stroebele employed Benedict Lust as Hydropathic Physician at the Bellevue health retreat center. Lust would live in NYC while operating his publishing and health businesses there during the week and would go to Bellevue on weekends to be the medical director. Modeled after Adolf Just’s renowned Jungborn Sanitarium (Eckert Germany, 1895). “Shortly after they met, Louisa and Benedict, with the help of her brother, Father Albert, established the Butler Yungborn… Louisa was the leading financial partner in this enterprise. Benedict once said she owned the health resort at Butler long before we were married.” (Collins, 1924, 659; in Nature Doctors, Kirchfeld and Boyle, 221).
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [HK]
D.D. Palmer “discovers” chiropractic with application of first adjustment and devises the term “chiropractic” after Reverend Samuel Weed suggests the Greek words meaning “done by hand.”
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Max Warmbrand, ND, DO (d.1976). Influential practitioner, popular writer with emphasis on nutritional therapies.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
Adolf Just publishes Kehrt zur Natur; translated and published by Benedict Lust as Return to Nature in 1901 with significant participation by Rev. Albert Stroebele.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Benedict Lust starts publishing Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter, through 1899, to promote Kneipp’s water cure; this German-language publication contains only a few articles in English; he later publishes The Kneipp Water Cure Monthly (1900-1901) in English.
[PA]Professional Associations
First Kneipp Society meeting in Jersey City, NJ. The New York City chapter formed later this year with Benedict Lust as Chairman.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in District of Columbia and Ohio.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Benedict Lust founds New York School of Massage in New York City, NY, within same facility as Lust’s Kneipp Institute.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
College of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery of the Kansas City University founded in Kansas City, MO; renamed Hahnemann Medical College of the Kansas City University, 1900; merged with Kansas City Homeopathic Medical College to form Kansas City Hahnemann Medical College, 1902.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [HK][PM]
D.D. Palmer (d. 1913) incorporates Palmer’s School of Magnetic Cure into his magnetic healing infirmary in Davenport, IA; would become Palmer School (later College) of Chiropractic in 1887. Also publishes The Magnetic Cure.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration
Medical Essays, 1842-1882. Oliver Wendell Holmes, MD. Contemporary writings including “Homeopathy and its kindred delusions” and “Currents and counter-currents in medical science”. *
1897
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PL][MC]
First edition of Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) issued by the Committee on Pharmacy of the American Institute of Homeopathy (Otis Clapp, Boston). Earlier pharmacopeias published by Boericke and Tafel (1882) and Jahr (1841) include the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States (HPCUS) incorporated, 1980. The subsequent seven editions of the HPUS were published in 1897, 1901, 1914, 1936, 1938, 1941, 1964 and 1978. (The Role of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States in the Regulation of Homeopathic Drug Products. J.P. Borneman, PhD, Gary L. Yingling, Esq., Todd A. Hoover, MD, DHt. Publ., HCPUS.)
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Journal of Homeopathics, seven volumes, edited by James Tyler Kent, MD; final issue, 1903.
[PA]Professional Associations [CK]
Kneipp-Bund founded with Kneipp’s five columns in codified form, including nutrition, herbal medicine, hydrotherapy, exercise and mental health.
Kneipp Bund e.V. https://www.kneippbund.de/wer-wir-sind/
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
Physio-medical Therapeutics, Materia Medica and Pharmacy. Thomas J. Lyle, MD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica. Fundamental and enduring clinical reference work in homeopathy. Publ., James T. Kent, MD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The German Nature-cure, and How to Practice It. I. Aidall.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][MC]
Wilhelm Reich, MD, Dobzau, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine) (d. 1957). Innovative researcher and published on the effects of personal trauma and political oppression causing dysfunction and disease through patterns of tissue rigidity and armoring; introduced concept of orgone; arrested and died in United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, PA. Major influence on psychotherapy, bodywork traditions and popular self-actualization therapies through books and students, including the “sexual revolution” of the 1960s.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in New Hampshire and Wisconsin.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PM]
Palmer School of Chiropractic opens in Davenport, IA, under leadership of D.D. Palmer. Vitalist tradition emphasizing osseous manipulative techniques applied to the spinous process and transverse processes as mechanical levers to evoke a response through the nervous system with intent of relieving “friction.”
1898
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge
A Systematic Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics: With Reference to the Most Direct Action of Drugs; with a Condensed Consideration of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy. Finley Ellingwood, MD, with John Uri Lloyd.*
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [PA][AI][HK]
Arno R. Koegler, ND (d. 1991). Influential Canadian ND, homeopath within Canadian naturopathy; involved in securing Ontario Drugless Therapist regulation, active in ISNP, cofounder of NANP, first President and President Emeritus of Ontario College of NM (Kitchener location had previous directors), promoted use of homeopathy and iridology.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [MC]
Benedict Lust changes the name of his “Kneipp Store” to the “Health Food Store,” one of the first in the U.S.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery [AI]
“B. Lust’s Kneipp Cure Institute” opens; first ad appears in April; located at 111 E. 59th St, New York City.
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Edward Halsey founds the Sanitarium Company and opens Australia’s first health food store in Melbourne, Victoria.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Das Neue Naturheilverfahren (The Natural Method of Healing: A New and Complete Guide to Health). F.E. (Friedrich Eduard) Bilz.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
King’s American Dispensatory. Considered the culmination of John Uri Lloyd’s work. Harvey Wickes Felter, MD, John Uri Lloyd, PharM, PhD. 1905 edition will be considered the pinnacle of Eclectic botanical science, pharmacology and pharmacy.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Natural Hygiene Or Healthy Blood: The Essential Condition of Good Health and How to Attain It: A Treatise for Physicians and Their Patients on the Predisposition to and Prevention of Disease. Johann Heinrich Lahmann, MD. Original German edition Diätetische Blutentmischung als Grundursache der Krankheiten published 1891. Considered the first scientific treatise on nature cure.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College created by merger of Cleveland University of Medicine and Surgery and Cleveland Medical College in Cleveland, OH; merges with Pulte Medical College to become Cleveland-Pulte Medical College, 1910; transferred to Ohio State University to become the Ohio State University College of Homeopathic Medicine, 1914.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils [PL][AC]
Eclectic Medical University founded in Kansas City, MO; first graduates, 1900; moves to Kansas City, KS, 1907; becomes Western Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, 1908; returned to Kansas City, MO, as Eclectic Medical University, 1909; not recognized by Missouri State Board of Health, 1918.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Benedict Lust receives DO degree from Universal Osteopathic College of New York, according to Kirchfeld and Boyd; however, Lust’s memoir states that it was in 1902.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Alfred Brauchle (d. 1964) Establishes cooperation between natural and allopathic medicine; conducts the “great nature cure experiment” in Dresden, Germany hospital.
1899
[PM]Practice Models and Care Delivery
Louise Stroebele authors a full page article in English entitled “Mountain Air Resort Bellevue, Butler, N. J.” in the June issue of Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter. (Louise Stroebele, 1899, p. 141).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Major Bertrand DeJarnette, DO, DC (d. 1992). Omaha, Nebraska. Widely respected teacher of bloodless surgery, practitioner of chromotherapy and developer of sacro-occipital technique (SOT). Studied with osteopath William Sutherland, claimed to have originated the term “craniopathy.” DeJarnette published the authoritative Technic and Practice of Bloodless Surgery in 1939. He continued to develop reflex applications, use referred pain indicators as a method of effecting symptomatology of organs and related vertebrae, and directly manipulated organs. He later changed the name of his method to chiropractic manipulative reflex technique (CMRT).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
New Eclectic Medical Practice, Designed for Students and Practitioners. Herbert T. Webster, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
Osteopathy illustrated: A Drugless System of Healing. Andrew P. Davis, MD, ND, OphD. *
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [MC]
Physical Culture magazine debuts; will become widely read (100,000+ readers) and influential through the first half of 20th century in the U.S. and broadly. Retitled (or subtitled) Beauty and Health from 1941 to 1943 when Macfadden sold and regained rights but ceased publication after Macfadden’s death in 1955. (Publ., Bernarr Macfadden).
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [DP]
The Blood and Its Third Anatomical Element. Antoine Béchamp, MD, PhD. First published in France, later translated into English in 1912. Scientific presentation on the microzyma, proposed sub-microscopic organisms present in pathological processes.
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM]
The Principles and Practices of Hydrotherapy: A Guide to the Application of Water in Disease for Students and Practitioners of Medicine. Simon Baruch, MD.*
[HK]Experience, Heritage and Knowledge [PM][PA]
Wilford Henry Pyott, DC, ND (d. 1957). 1918 to 1929 practiced as chiropractor in Salt Lake City, Utah; after 1931 also practiced as naturopath, specializing in bloodless abdominal surgery; in 1943 established Pyott Sanatorium (a.k.a. American Naturopathic Hospital); President of Utah Association of Naturopathic Physicians (ANA); Secretary of American Institute of Manipulative Surgery; founder, Council on Bloodless Surgery of ANA; editor of Journal of the American Naturopathic Association; director of National Naturopathic Association.
[LR]Licensure and Regulation [PL][MC]
Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Illinois and Michigan.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Detroit Homeopathic College founded in Detroit, MI; closure, 1912.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National College of Neuropathy and Psycho-Magnetic Healing established in Minneapolis, MN.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
National Confederation of Eclectic Medical Colleges. Members, Officers, Preamble.*
The Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio; The Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, Illinois; The Eclectic Medical College of the City of New York, New York, N.Y.; The American Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri; The California Medical College, San Francisco, California; The Lincoln Medical College, Lincoln, Nebraska.
[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Palmer School of Chiropractic places an advertisement in the December issue of Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter (published in German) and Kneipp Water Cure Monthly (in English) with Ludwig Staden as Associate Editor and Benedict Lust as Editor.
[MC]Mainstream Context, Collaboration and Integration [PM]
Bayer AG markets its brand of acetylsalicylic acid trademarked as Aspirin. The initial letter ‘A’ stands for acetyl and “spir” is derived from the plant known as meadowsweet (Spiraea ulmaria), a source of salicin. In 1853 French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt had determined the chemical structure of salicylic acid and chemically synthesized acetylsalicylic acid. The widespread distribution of this pioneering synthetic pharmaceutical agent initiates demonstrates a profound shift from principles of allopathic/Regular vs. Empirical/vitalist prescribing principles to contrasting origins of drugs/synthetic pharmaceuticals vs. Drugless/natural therapeutics.
©1992-2023 Mitchell Bebel Stargrove
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